South America vs. North America

Audrey Hepburn March 4, 2013 Mr. Miller AP U. S. History South vs. North 1800-1850 FRQ: In spite of sharing a country, the Northern and Southern areas of America had many differences and distinctions, which ended up dividing the nation. During the first part of the 1800's the North and the South grew in different ways. In the North, cities were centers of wealth and manufacturing. There were many skilled workers. In the South there was not much manufacturing. There were not many skilled workers. Most of the people were farmers. Money came from plantation crops, like cotton, and slavery was a major piece of their economy.Their respective societies were also diverse. The period between 1800 and 1850 brought rapid population growth throughout the United States. In the North the overall population rose from about 5 million to 31 million during this time. Part of this increase was due to massive immigration. Between 1830 and 1850 over 2 million Irish, German, and other northern Europeans arrived in the United States. Most of them settled in the North. The population of the South was made up of white Americans and enslaved Africans. By 1800 there were about 4 million slaves in America and the United States was the largest slaveholding republic.The total population of the South reached 12 million. The South was an overwhelmingly agricultural region of mostly farmers. Most farmers lived in the backcountry on medium sized farms, while a small number of planters ran large farms, or plantations. The South was ideal for agriculture and had the ability to grow crops in large amounts. However, only one-fourth of the Southern population owned slaves, and most of these were the planters. The rest of the population was made up of white independent farmers, tenant farmers (who rented land and paid the landowners in crops or money), laborers, or frontier families.Most Southerners lived on farms, scattered along the coastal plains and the small farmers in the backcountry. Since th e economy was based on agriculture, industries and towns developed at a slower pace than in the North. There were many small towns along the banks of rivers and the coasts. Only a few large cities developed as trading centers in the South. Plantations were so large and so distant from each other that they became almost self-sufficient, like small towns. Cities in the North thrived as centers of commerce. They were set up along the Atlantic coast and served as centers of trade between the North and Europe.They were hubs of manufacturing of textiles (cloth goods) and other products. Many people from rural New England moved to the cities looking for employment opportunities. In 1800 about 5 percent of the population lived in cities, but by 1850 nearly 15 percent did. Increased trade and manufacturing drew many laborers to town to work. Cities were often crowded and dirty. Not until after 1830’s were harbors and streets improved, sanitation systems were started, and police forces were created. Public services such as education began to take root. The Southern economy was based on agriculture.Crops such as cotton, tobacco, rice, sugar cane and indigo were grown in great quantities. They were raised on large farms, known as plantations, which were supported by slave labor. After Eli Whitney invented the cotton gin in 1793, cotton took over as â€Å"king† of the southern economy. Whitney invented the cotton gin, a machine that separated the seed from the cotton fiber much faster than could be done by hand. This caused a rapid growth and expansion of cotton production. In 1793 Southern farmers produced about 10,000 bales of cotton. By 1835, they were growing over 1 million bales a year.Cotton exports made up two-thirds of the total value of American exports. To clear land and grow cotton, Southerners used slave labor. Slavery was essential for the South’s prosperity. The South had little manufacturing, and Southerners wanted cheap imports. Since t hey exported most of their cotton and tobacco, they believed that high tariffs-–taxes on imported goods—would scare away the foreign markets that bought their goods. For these reasons the South was against tariffs. The North, however, favored high tariffs to protect its industries from foreign competition.The Northern economy was based on many different industries. These included shipping, textiles, lumber, furs, and mining. The majority of people lived on small farms and found that much of the land was suited for subsistence farming—raising food crops and livestock for family use—rather than producing goods to export, or send to other countries. Northerners stated to use their â€Å"ingenuity† to manufacture all kinds of goods. With the use of waterpower and coal for steam plants, manufacturing developed quickly. People realized that the many surrounding waterfalls were cheap source of energy, and the waterpower began to be used to run the factori es. Items such as textiles, iron, and ships were manufactured in great quantities. These goods were traded for foreign products, as well as transported to and from all continents by trading ships. The growth of trade, manufacturing and transportation brought many changes to cities in the North. Cities took on an increasingly important role in determining the culture of the North. Merchants, manufacturers, wage earners, and new business owners brought new ideas to the North. The majority of Northerners were Protestant believers.Villages became strong centers of community activities. Cities were important centers of art, culture, and education. Most cities printed newspapers and books and provided many forms of recreation, such as dancing, card playing, and theatre. Both religion and education were organized institutes. Most towns had both schools and churches. Public education grew in the north after the 1830s, but few boys went to secondary school, and college was reserved mostly fo r the wealthy. There were few schools or churches in the South, since neither education nor religion were very organized.The best educated were the sons of planters. On plantations there were sometimes small schools, and often planters hired private tutors to teach their children until they could be sent off to private schools. Small farmers had little or no education. Life in the South revolved around the small, wealthy class of planters and the agricultural system they controlled. Planters were the aristocracy—the upper class—of the South. They lived like country gentleman of England and ran the political and economic life. Plantations were far apart and developed their own communities.Recreational activities included such things as fox hunting, dancing, horseracing, and watching cockfights. During the first half of the 1800s transportation vastly improved, and the size of the United States more than doubled. Methods of long-distance transports, such as steamships an d railroads, affected the South because products could more easily be sold to more distant markets. By 1850 about 9,000 miles of railroad spread across the Southern states. Meanwhile, hundreds of steamboats moved Southern crops to the North and to European markets.Still, this was not nearly as vast a railroad system as the North. Most of the new rail lines were in the North, spanning out to the west. By 1850, 30,000 miles of railroad tracks connected distant parts of the United States. . Canals, mostly built in the North, were also a cheap source of transportation. The Erie Canal was clearly a success for New York commercial activities. Many other cities began to follow suit and within a decade a system of over 3,000 canals provided water transportation between the Eastern seaboard and rivers in the West. By 1850 there were over 88,000 miles of surfaced roads.Although the Northern and Southern states shared many things, in the period of 1800-1850, their disparities began to outshine what they had in common, which helped to lead into the Civil War. Their economies were polar opposites, with the Northern industrializing and the South farming and exporting; their societies were based on two diverse things, the South being an almost aristocratic system and the North focusing on factory work and industrializing. Their governmental ideals differed, especially and so blatantly emphasized in their opinions on tariffs.

For Colored Girls Essay

The movie for colored girls was made based on the novel which is also entitled for colored girls by Ntozake Shange, the movie express the struggles and obstacles that African America women face throughout their life. The movie reveals seven women who are brought together through their own troubles. The movie deals with love, abandonment, rape, and abortions; at the end of the film all seven women come together evoking the power of women hood amongst black African American females. â€Å"Being alive and being a woman is all I got, but being colored is a metaphysical dilemma I haven’t conquered yet! â€Å" -Tangie (a colored girl) The quote that stuck out to me the most was Tangies, (Stated above) the reason why was because a lot of women can relate to not understanding their race. African American women can also feel as though everything about the world in regards to African Americans including theories can be questioned for examples statics state when given by a person in general that. African American women as well as Hispanic women are likely to be considered a single parent rather than a Caucasian. The truth is that a Caucasian is more likely to be a single considered parent thanks Hispanics and African Americans. This truth was specified in my psychology 101 class. It was stated through conversation of stereotyping Tangie (The one who stated) the quote. Her character was a woman who seeked love from different men every night being a bartender at a local hotel. Her character made people view her for what she is and not who she was considered to be. As a young girl my mother’s use to tell my brothers and I to make people treat us as an equal, because we are Kings and Queens. As a child I didn’t understand, now as young women I understand. I am very proud of my color skin as well as the fact of being considered an African American female. The whole ideal about this movie is letting the African American culture know that in order to be accepted we have to accept ourselves first. The movie reveals how strong African American women are, just like they were back when slavery existed. A lot of black women are more successful nowadays. African American women make more money, drive nice cars, and own homes. In the past African Americans women weren’t considered equal as well as men. During slavery women were used (African American women) they worked alongside men in the fields and when finished women would go home do cooking, cleaning, and washing. Being often ignored black women were considered none important, especially not being able to read and write. In the movie it shows how women of the African American race strive for greatness. If it was paid any mind it was the black woman that taught us how to cook and season our food. It was the black woman that taught you how to raise your children. It was black women who were breast feeding and raising your babies during slavery. It is the black woman that had to endure watching their fathers, husbands, and children beaten, killed, and thrown in jail. Black women were born with two strikes against them: being black and being a woman. Through all this, still they rise! It is because of the black women’s strength, elegance, power, love and beauty that bring them together not just the outer beauty that captivates people, but more so what they signify. It is not the fact that they come in all shapes, sizes, colors and shades that people pay attention to. Their inner beauty is what most find appealing, especially in the movie each colored girl stood for something without even realizing it. Their strong spirit, loving and nurturing souls, their integrity, their ability to overcome great obstacles, their willingness to stand for what they believe in, and their determination to succeed and reach their highest potential while enduring great pain and suffering is why this movie captured my attention.

Operational managment report on apple company Essay

Operational managment report on apple company - Essay Example Since the disposal of a high amount of wastage is highly detrimental for the people living on the earth, there have been various enactments to regulate the environmental issues particularly with the waste management. Tougher environmental standards have been enacted to ensure that the firms do reduce the wastage to the maximum extent. In order to avoid these environmental liabilities the product recycling has been made a function of the product life cycle management of larger companies to save considerable time and money which otherwise would have been spent on the discharge of the environmental liabilities. In the present study this paper while detailing the broad issues connected with the product life cycle management analyses in detail the steps taken by major computer manufacturers Apple computers in the area of product life cycle management as a function operational management. The purpose of any manufacturing organization is to provide a quality product or service to its customers. In doing so the firm attains a competitive edge to its products by bringing in new ideas to the market quickly and faster than the competitors. In this way the firms are able to provide the maximum satisfaction to the customers. An addition to this phenomenon is the service to the human beings in the form of meeting the environmental liabilities, by improved product designs whereby the products are recycled at the end of their useful life. Enormous time and money are being sent by large corporations in the area of developing new product designs that will improve the effective working life of the product and at the same time making the production processes easier for manufacture and repair than existing products and services. The role being played by the innovative product designs and technological advancement is commendable in this respect. Such development of the new product designs to meet the recycling requirements often face a host of problems both internal to the organization as well as external in relation to the customers and other external stakeholders of the firm. 1.1 Internal Problems: Any new product design to meet the requirement of both fitting the production processes as well as satisfying the environmental requirements of recycling face the following problems within the organization. The design process Should

Women's Issues in American Culture in the Early 1800s Essay

Women's Issues in American Culture in the Early 1800s - Essay Example The researcher states that after being excluded from the important public role for centuries, women soon began to engage in religious activities in the country thereby receiving recognition. It is noted that before, these roles were a preserve of men, thereby generating issues in religious circles. In fact, at the start of 19th century, an estimated 70% plus of church congregants were women, a factor that made them begin claiming spiritual authority, which men were not willing to surrender. This created a lot of criticism from the males and at times led to eviction from the community. Anne Hutchinson is one woman who was burnished for challenging the male domination of religious life in early 1800. This was followed by intense religious activism, which enhanced girl child education since many churches began building schools where girls could get a better education. The population of girls in schools increased very first such that by 1820 America had so many women graduates with bette r education thereby displacing their male counterparts as schoolteachers. This was occasioned by the fact that women of the time accepted lower remuneration rates than the men, thereby increasing their absorption into the teaching profession. This kind of displacement did not ogre well with the male creating animosity between males and female in the society. Being schoolteachers is said to have given women a chance to receive more recognition in public life.

Shouldice Hopsital Limited Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Shouldice Hopsital Limited - Research Paper Example The bed capacity later increased from 36 to 89. Dr. Shouldice died in 1965, and the facility was taken over by Dr. Nicholas Obney. Dr. Obney became the chairman and the surgeon-in-chief of the institution. Under the leadership of Dr. Obney the hospital started to operate both hospital facilities and clinical facilities. The hospital generally follows the business model of focus on a single standardized service (James & Mona, 2006). This enables the hospital to have a narrow target of clients. Quick, convenient, and reliable cure for external types of abdominal hernias is the main operation line for the hospital. The institution uses its own technique of enabling a relatively short period of recovering after undergoing an operation (James & Mona, 2006). This technique is called the Shouldice method. The basis of this technique was the incorporation of operative and posts operative processes, for instance, using local anesthetics, the nature of the operation process, the design of a fa cility to enable comfortable movement, and design and communication of the regimen by the medical staff. This communication enabled early ambulation. This whole process has cut down number of days a patient would stay in hospital. To the patients this was the most affordable option (James & Mona, 2006). ... More than 300,000 patients have been operated by the surgeons at the hospital. The success rate of operation at the hospital has been more than 99%. Operations of primary inguinal indirect hernia by the surgeons at the hospital are almost 100% (Heskett, 1987). Experience of the Doctors The hospital boosts of twelve surgeons who work on a full time basis. There are eight assistant surgeons working on a part time basis. The operations are carried in teams (Heskett, 2009). Each operation team comprises of four members. These are a senior surgeon, an assistant surgeon, a scrub nurse, and a circulating nurse. Experience of the nurses According to Heskett (2009), total of thirty four nurses are usually on duty at the hospital in a period of 24 hours. The number of nurses available in the facilities during the periods when no operation is in progress is six. These usually carry out counseling to the patients. Work distribution The number of operations carried out in a single day ranges betw een thirty patients to thirty-six patients (Heskett, 2009). The number of patients that a surgeon can operate in a day is three or four at most. A surgeon on day shift ends his or her day at 4 p.m. Hospital facilities The institution operates two facilities namely hospital and clinic in one building. The compound at the institution is divided into three levels. Level one comprises of the kitchen facilities and the dining room. The second level is composed of lounge area, an office for admission, and rooms for patients. The third level in the compound consists of additional rooms for patients and recreational areas (Heskett, 1987). How the hospital operates. The facility deals with two kinds of patients. These are local patients and patients coming from

Academic Journal Article Evaluation Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Academic Journal Article Evaluation - Assignment Example One hundred forty five students in romantic relationships took part in the study on nonverbal communication. The students were split in different divisions and answered the questions according to their understanding. Prinsen and Punyanunt-Carter (2010) found different responses among the people in the relationships. These responses support the authors research on the ideology that there is a huge disparity in nonverbal communication between men and women who are in varying stages of their relationship. The study found that women rated issues on nonverbal communication statistically higher compared to those considered by men. Men on the other hand rated the imperativeness of nonverbal communication as more crucial and should change as well as increase for relationships to work. Additionally, the scholars also found out that sex dissimilarities in nonverbal communication have the capability to cause message misinterpretation in a romantic interaction. The editorial was extremely informative considering that I am in a romantic relationship. The different aspects discussed added value in my life because I now have the knowledge on how to handle nonverbal

Women's Studies. Black women Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Women's Studies. Black women - Essay Example Finding a website that focused solely on the lives and accomplishments of African women and/or on African-American women wasn't a piece of cake. There were websites that contained information about famous African-American people, who after a lot of struggle made it big as artists, musicians, sportsmen; or information posted about the blacks in the Black history month, but a website based entirely on African-American women's lives was not that easy to find. However, after skimming around numerous websites for about an hour and seeing if they had the required material, I came across docsouth.unc.edu, a website featuring the "First-Person Narratives of the American South", that provided voice to the minority groups (i.e, Southerners) who remained unheard or were not given the value they deserved. (The University Library, n.d.) One of the memoirs the site contains is of Joice Heth, a black woman who was born on the Island of Madagascar, on the Coast of Africa, in the year 1764, and lived up to around 161 years. She was a slave too, but her life was not nearly as bitter as most of the others of her kind, for she was blessed with the fortune of having kind masters. She is said to have been the nurse of George Washington since he was born, and this is one of the things, apart from her astounding age, that grabs the attention of people towards her. This memoir was published in 1835 and it also contains several testimonies of people who knew Joice, affirming her goodness and the belief that her piety could never be doubted. The Narrative of Bethany Veney, A Slave Woman: Electronic Edition is yet another story of a black slave, which shows that the right to education was a far off thing; she had to ask her master's permission to even go to Church (Malburne, n.d.). When she got married to a slave named Jerry, and later when he was sent tp jail and she went to visit him, she was not even allowed to meet him in private. "We had committed no offence against God or man. Jerry had not; and yet, like base criminals, we were denied even the consolation of privacy. This was a necessary part of the system of American slavery. Neither wife nor mother could intervene to soften its rigors one jot."(Collected Black Women's Narratives, 20) Highlights from Fanny Jackson Coppin's autobiography Reminiscences of School Life, and Hints on Teaching were also found in the website, which proved to be quite helpful in learning about the achievements of capable black women. Coppin, too, was born a slave in Washington DC in 1837, but luckily for her, she was bought by her aunt for $125. Her autpbiography shows how keen she was not inly to pursue education for herself, but also to do as much as possible to help and educate others. After taking a lot of diverse courses, she became so good at teaching that when she was chosen to teach a preparatory course at Oberlin, they feared the children would rebel against her due to her coloured skin, but instead, the children loved havi ng her as their teacher so much that the course had to be divided until no more students could be added to it. In 1865 she joined Institute for Colored Youth(IYC) and in 1869 became the principal of it, where she worked on the dire need of providing vocational education to African Americans with very clear demands: "We do not ask that any one of our people shall be put into a position because he is a colored person, but we do most emphatically ask that he shall not be kept out of a position because he is a colored person" (Collected Black W

Process of Economic Integration in the World Today Essay

Process of Economic Integration in the World Today - Essay Example This paper presents a modern research report on different aspects of economic integration in the world today. The prime purpose involved in the process of economic integration process is reducing costs both for the producers and the consumers as well. The increasing levels of integration help in determining the competitiveness and allowing smooth movement of labour, cost and capital. It can be affirmed that the implementation of economic integration lessens the short-term profits due to the imposition of tariffs. Economic integration reduces the other trade barriers as well. It gives less power to the government of the member nations to make necessary adjustments that might deliver significant benefits to them. The process of economic integration in the context of E.U. generally includes four main features. One of the features is that economic integration reflects increase in intra-euro area trade at large. The second facet of economic integration can be identified to be making smooth and free flow of capital and also contributing towards developing the aspect of financial integration. The third feature of economic integration relating to its process is constituted by labour mobility. The other facet of economic integration in relation to its process can be viewed as synchronizing and coordinating different cyclical positions across the Euro areas It can be apparently observed but deeper economic integration is needed for the creation of developed economy in this increased level of globalisation along with internationalisation. ... These figures reflect the creation of strong Europe (European Central Bank, 2007). The second facet of economic integration can be identified to be making smooth and free flow of capital and also contributing towards developing the aspect of financial integration. Financial integration strengthens the economic mechanism, raises the competition and increases the potential for stronger economic growth. Along with economic integration, financial integration plays an imperative role in determining effective monetary policies and ensuring free along with effective transmission of single monetary policy. However, the actual need of financial integration is being observed in retail banking sector (EUbusiness Ltd, 2013). The third feature of economic integration relating to its process is constituted by labour mobility. As the labour market begins to tighten itself in developing economies, absence of openness may result in generating the risks of wage pressure. In most part of the European U nion, it can be viewed that cross border labour mobility is still limited, restricting in developing the economy by a certain degree through the emergence of regulatory barriers. The other facet of economic integration in relation to its process can be viewed as synchronizing and coordinating different cyclical positions across the Euro areas (Kuroiwa, 2012). Purposes of Economic Integration In order to determine the purposes of economic integration, it can be apparently observed that economic integration has increased among the countries in the European Union, but deeper integration is needed for the creation of developed economy in this increased level of globalisation along with internationalisation. In this similar context, the prime

Industrial Revolution and Unemployment in UK Essay

Industrial Revolution and Unemployment in UK - Essay Example Certainly, the revolution implicated increased per capita in the society, but the problem was that the rate of unemployment increased and the semiskilled laborers were rendered inefficient thus they lose their employment positions (Wilson 142). However, the rate of unemployment challenged all individuals in the UK society since the revolution presented a definite boundary between the employers and employees. Ideally, United Kingdom was the first economy that witnessed fast revolutionary changes during the industrial edge, and the people witnessed inequities in securing employment positions. Further, the differences between the society emerged in accordance to social classes, genders, and the levels of literacy challenged the society adversely. For example, an historical factory worker named Edward Carpenter from Wales who previously served as a weaver lost his employment in the height industrial revolution. Since Richard Arkwright’s introduction of the Spinning Jenny, Edward s ecured an employment position as a factory superintendent in the late 19th century involved himself in a series of deeds that led to his death, and the death of a female factory worker. The following discussion evaluates the various existing arguments on the effects of the industrial revolution with an outline of the subsequent impacts that it presented to the society. Lastly, the discussion shall also involve Edward Carpenter social life and economic progress in the United Kingdom’s society during the industrial revolution period (Garside 68). An argumentative discussion on Edward Carpenter’s issues during the industrial revolution period Arguably, the industrial revolution influenced the English society to embark on various social and economic changes during the period. Edward was a weaver and having lived during the period, he worked at the Edmund Cartwright Looming Company to carry out managerial duties (Hill 241). However, the predominant aspect in Edward’s life is that the weaving community reigned over the UK’s clothing groups thus; he was able to secure a senior position in the looming firm despite the norm that the young generation was overly accepted as the most efficient workers in the factories thus rendering most of the mature population unacceptable in the society. Similarly, industrial revolution seemed the most influential factor to social divisions as the society recurred to the use of employer and employee title depending on the position that one held in the labor industry (Wilson 146). Differences in the UK society highlighted that the industrial race introduced many of the technological advancements that led to the loss of tenure for the self-employed individuals since a task that was previously undertaken by a broad number of individuals in the society transformed abruptly to require a few workers and the use of machines to produce a worthwhile output. Therefore, such changes transformed the economical perspecti ve of Edward. Preferably, he turned out to be an employee who had limited time for other activities while his former weaving profession enabled him to address family, and other social issues (Tosh 75). Edward Carpenter’s undocumented history impounds the anti-social practices that existed during the time (Wilson 148). Child labor was prevalent, but it was poorly addressed during the industrial edge. The struggling character’s practices posed poor approaches to production, and delivery of the looms since he lacked factory-working skills, which differed broadly with his former weaving skills. Mainly, the use of machinery rendered hand weaving a useless tenure since the invented

The American Heritage Dictionary of the English Language Essay Example for Free

The American Heritage Dictionary of the English Language Essay When you say that something is impasse, it means that something that is being negotiated cannot be resolved or the two contending parties have reached a deadlock. It is a French word that could also mean or pertain to a situation that cannot progress at all due to misunderstanding between the parties concerned. One example of this situation would be the discourse between the employer and the employees regarding their Collective Bargaining Agreement. Labor history could prove that several negotiations of this kind has encountered several deadlocks hence, has become an impasse. It is basically due to the fact that at some points, the two parties concerned are not willing to sacrifice or give in to the conditions of the other. This scenario is very dangerous for it may result to boycott, demonstrations or protests as far as the employees are concerned. And on the other hand, it may result to retrenchment, as far as the employer is concerned. For there are two opposing interests, there would also be equal reactions to the issue concerned. As for me, if I would be the one to resolve this issue, I would find common grounds between the employees and the employer where each of them would benefit with the resolution of their problem. It may be in the form of an increase in the wages for this has been the long concern of workers around the world, and I believe is more just for both of the parties concerned. Through this, I believe this impasse would be resolved. REFERENCE Impasse. The American Heritage Dictionary of the English Language,: Fourth Edition. 2000: Houghton Mifflin Company: USA.

What Gives a Region a Large-Scale Competitive Advantage?

What Gives a Region a Large-Scale Competitive Advantage? The paper titled ‘The Limits of Autarky’, written by AnnaLee Saxenian (1994)[1], considers the issues surrounding clusters of industries specifically those seen in Silicon Valley and on Route 128. By studying the two areas the author aims to discover why one region can be considerably more successful than another, despite having the same mix of technologies. It has long been recognised that there is competitive advantage to having clusters of companies working together in the same geographic region. However, what is not so clear is exactly why some areas experience considerable competitive advantage while others see little or no notable benefits. By taking a detailed look at Silicon Valley and comparing it directly with Route 128, the author aims to answer this key question, namely, what exactly gives a region such large-scale competitive advantage over other regions? Underlying this analysis, the author makes the important decision to rebut earlier presumptions made by other scholars in relation to the boundaries between internal and external economies. The author notes that in previous research there has been a tendency for scholars to draw strong distinctions and boundaries in relation to where the internal firm ends and the external economy begins. By suggesting that there is no clear-cut point between internal and external and that the region is, in fact, more akin to a social network with blurred boundaries, the author is able to take a novel and arguably more useful position when it comes to explaining differences in regions (Powell, 1996)[2]. The first area of research that the author undertakes is looking at the traditional limits of external economies and the analysis that has traditionally been done on the impact of such external economies and localised industrialisation. On a basic level of external economy of scale, analysis explains why firms will tend to cluster together so they can share resources such as transport or even talent; this is not disputed by the author and, in fact, is given greater importance by the author than it has by other modern researchers. The author does not dispute that both Silicon Valley and Route 128 are classic examples of external economies and even reinforces this concept by recognising that they are similar to 19th century industrial districts. However, the author states that there are limits to this analysis which restrict the potential use of external economies as a means of determining why one region would be so much more successful than another. Both Silicon Valley and Route 128 b enefited from the self-reinforcing position that they found themselves in, due to these external economies. For example, as new firms joined the area there was greater venture capital available allowing yet more firms to join. This in turn attracted some of the best talent in the country which allowed the areas to expand (Piore Sabel, 1984)[3]. However, the real question that the author is focusing on is how Silicon Valley became so much more successful than Route 128, despite seemingly having the same underlying situation. Starting at the same position, between the years 1975 and 1990 Silicon Valley expanded offering 150,000 new jobs in the technology field, whereas on Route 128 only 50,000 jobs were created (Saxenian, 1994)[4]. By 1990, Silicon Valley produced one third of all electronic products from the USA, with a total value of $11 billion. By which time, Route 128 had seen considerably less growth producing just $4.6 billion. It is this divergence that the author focuses on; how did two areas that were so similar in 1975 become so different? One of the first concepts that the author explores is that of a network approach. This furthers the concept stated earlier by the author that firms are not individual, autonomous entities and that the boundary between internal factors and external factors is considerably more blurred than previous research might suggest. The author successfully argues that one of the key differences between Silicon Valley and Route 128 is their approach to the way in which individual organisations network with each other within the region. Previous researchers have alluded to this difference, but the author notes that they tend to be disregarded largely as cultural differences, e.g. with California being known for its particularly laid back approach and Massachusetts for being much more risk averse. Whilst the author agrees with this and believes it may have had a bearing on the differences, she feels culture alone is not the main issue. By taking a detailed look at the culture of Silicon Valley, the author identifies that one of the fundamental differences between this region and Route 128 is that Silicon Valley actively encouraged firms to learn jointly and to share experiences. This type of mutual adjustment is something that the author believes is fundamental to the competitive advantage that Silicon Valley has established. Not only has this allowed Silicon Valley to develop some of the most complex technological products, but it has also encouraged very free labour markets ensuring that the right people are commonly found in the right jobs. Contrasting this with Route 128, the author notes that there was considerable more secrecy amongst the firms and much less in the way of sharing. These cultural differences and the way in which the networks operate in these two regions have been noted by the author to be the main reason that Silicon Valley became so much more successful than Route 128. The way in which the individual firms perceive themselves within the Route 128 region and the way in which they keep themselves distinct from other similar companies has been developed as a way of ensuring that each individual firm maintains corporate secrecy. Whilst this protective approach may seem logical, it has inadvertently caused the region to stagnate with little in terms of job movements and little or no sharing of knowledge between firms (Florida Kenney, 1990)[5]. Capturing this, the author identifies Silicon Valley as being a regional network-based system rather than being an independent firm-based system. In establishing this analysis, the author questions why Route 128 firms would employ such a strategy for victory when it was clear to see that the diametrically opposed strategy was working so well in Silicon Valley. Having recognised that this is the fundamental difference between Silicon Valley and Route 128, the author explores this competitive advantage further. It is identified that the rigidity seen within Route 128 was entirely suitable when technology was not moving quickly. Where there was no need to adapt rapidly, maintaining individual firms with their own internal knowledge base was key to maintaining a competitive advantage. However, during the 1970s, technological developments were moving rapidly and the need to share resources between firms became critical; this was not something that the firms within Route 128 were able to a dapt to, primarily down to the systems that they had established and the high levels of corporate secrecy that were inherent in their business structures (DeBresson Walker, 1991)[6]. In order to confirm what the author suspects may be the reason for Silicon Valleys competitive advantage, the author looked at Japanese industry (Imai, 1989)[7]. Networking is recognised as critical for all Japanese industries. Moreover, many smaller medium enterprises are linked together, either with agreements or joint ownership structures in order to share a greater variety of resources. This often results in geographical clusters but is not essential. What is clear, however, is that these types of collaborative clusters produce considerable efficiencies. For example, the Japanese car market is one of the best in the world and uses this network-based structure to remain competitively advantaged. Having seemingly found the reasons for Silicon Valley’s success, the author then moves on to compare and contrast two specific companies in order to see if the theory holds up in practice. The author chose to consider Apollo Computer and Sun Microsystems as the two companies were essentially similar in the 1970s; they were both technology-based start-ups with Apollo computer being established on Route 128 and Sun Microsystems established in Silicon Valley. In keeping with Route 128 culture, Apollo established itself as a very independent company even in so far as actually producing the workstations, not simply designing them. Whilst this initially offered considerable competitive advantage over competitors, it did mean that they developed systems that were entirely incompatible with any other. In contrast, Sun Microsystems, which was established in Silicon Valley, operates a very open policy for sharing information with neighbouring companies and establishing a system that is fully compatible with all other available systems. Sun Microsystems also looks at other companies actually to produce the systems as sticking to the pure design prototype building enables them to concentrate their efforts and expertise. Initially, there was very little difference in the actual performance of the two companies, but over time, Sun became considerably more profitable, as it was able to adapt much more quickly to changes in the industry. By keeping everything internally, Apollo was unable to adapt and this caused considerable decline in sales (Granovetter, 1985)[8]. These structural differences were clearly important to the relative success of the two organisations. The author then takes this one step further by stating that she actually believes the differences lie in the management style and not in the physical structure of the organisation. Apollo, for example, was very strict about business dress codes and very tight on quality controls; the new manager of Apollo, in 1984, was Thomas Vanderslice and he brought in an exceptionally strict regime which was entirely opposite to the casual and relaxed atmosphere seen in Sun Microsystems (Schein, 1985)[9]. Although this in itself should not indicate the relative success of the organisation, it was indicative of the willingness to adapt and change that Sun Microsystems had and Apollo did not. This again is typical of Silicon Valley companies in contrast with Route 128 companies. In fact, Sun’s success was so substantial that many Apollo managers left during the 1980s to join the rival compan y. This caused even further splits between the two regions as expertise began to collect in the Silicon Valley area (Nohria Eccles, 1992)[10]. Hewlett Packard was another example that the author cited as being a success for Silicon Valley. Despite being a huge organisation, it did not fall foul of becoming rigid and unable to adapt to this ever-changing industry. It maintained a nexus of almost entirely independent departments all working together but maintaining sufficient independence to enable them to react rapidly to any necessary changes (Sabel, 1988)[11]. The author draws contrast with DEC a large technological company based on Route 128, which was highly hierarchical in structure and failed to compete at this game due to its unwieldy and rigid internal structures. Conclusions By drawing together both the case studies mentioned above as well as previous research, the author has successfully demonstrated that the way in which an organisation views itself and the way in which it views its relationships with other firms in the same geographical region is critical to the ultimate success of the firm and the region in which it exists. The author concludes, correctly in my opinion, that network-based approaches offer considerable competitive advantage to a firm and the region, in particular, in industries where rapid adaptation is necessary. Collaboration vertically is essential to the success of the industry, as a whole. Corporate secrecy as is seen on Route 128 is a substantial barrier to the development of the technological industries and this has been proven to be the case. Although the author recognises that the physical structure is important to ensure openness and networking between firms, companies should also understand that management style of key firms is more influential than was originally thought. It should be noted that the author does recognise that this network-based approach may not always be suitable and that whilst it is evident that the network-based approach worked very well in the technology industry, in slower moving industries where firms must closely guard their corporate secrets, a much m ore individual firm-based approach is likely to be more successful. Comparing and contrasting Silicon Valley with Route 128 has allowed the author to explore fully and to explain successfully the potential impact of a network-based approach. The value of this comparison is immensely important for the understanding of the network-based approach and has provided valuable insight for other industries moving forwards. Bibliography DeBresson, C. Walker, R. eds. (1991). Special issue on networks of innovators. Research Policy, 20 (5). Florida, R. Kenney M. (1990). Silicon Valley and Route 128 wont save us. California Management Review, 33 (1), 68-88. Granovetter, M. (1985). Economic action and social structure: the problem of embeddedness. American Journal of Sociology, 91 (3), 481-510. Imai, K. (1989). Evolution of Japans corporate and industrial networks. In B. Carlsson, ed. Industrial Dynamics Boston, MA: Kluwer. Nohria, N. Eccles, R., eds. (1992). Networks and organizations: Structure, form, and action. Boston, MA: Harvard Business School Press. Piore, M. Sabel, C. (1984). The second industrial divide: Possibilities for prosperity. New York: Basic Books. Powell,W., (1996). Trust-Based Forms of Governance in Kramer, R,M. Tyler,T.R. eds, Trust in Organizations. London: Sage. Sabel, C. (1988). Flexible specialization and the reemergence of regional economies. In Hirst, P. and Zeitlin, J., eds. Reversing industrial decline?: Industrial structure and policy in Britain and her competitors. Oxford, UK: Berg. Saxenian, A. (1994). Regional advantage: Culture and competition in Silicon Valley and Route 128. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press. Saxenian, A., (1994). The limits of Autarky: Beyond Networks and Industrial Adaptation in Silicon Valley and Route 128. Available at: http://people.ischool.berkeley.edu/~anno/. Schein, E. (1985). Organizational culture and leadership. San Francisco, CA: Jossey-Bass. Footnotes [1] Saxenian, A., (1994). The limits of Autarky: Beyond Networks and Industrial Adaptation in Silicon Valley and Route 128. [2] Powell,W., (1996). Trust-Based Forms of Governance in Kramer, R,M. Tyler,T.R. eds, Trust in Organizations. London: Sage. [3] Piore, M. Sabel, C. (1984). The second industrial divide: Possibilities for prosperity. New York: Basic Books. [4] Saxenian, A. (1994) Regional advantage: Culture and competition in Silicon Valley and Route 128. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press. [5] Florida, R. Kenney M. (1990). Silicon Valley and Route 128 wont save us. California Management Review 33 (1), 68-88. [6] DeBresson, C. Walker, R. eds. (1991). Special issue on networks of innovators. Research Policy. 20 (5). [7] Imai, K. (1989). Evolution of Japans corporate and industrial networks. In B. Carlsson, ed. Industrial Dynamics Boston, MA: Kluwer. [8] Granovetter, M. (1985). Economic action and social structure: the problem of embeddedness. American Journal of Sociology 91 (3), 481-510. [9] Schein, E. (1985). Organizational culture and leadership. San Francisco, CA: Jossey-Bass. [10] Nohria, N. Eccles, R., eds. (1992). Networks and organizations: Structure, form, and action. Boston, MA: Harvard Business School Press. [11] Sabel, C. (1988). Flexible specialization and the reemergence of regional economies. In Hirst, P. and Zeitlin, J., eds. Reversing industrial decline?: Industrial structure and policy in Britain and her competitors. Oxford, UK: Berg.

World Wide Creativity :: Geeks Computers Internet Essays

World Wide Creativity What comes to mind upon hearing "hacker" or "geek?" In many cases, one will envision a male in his late teens who wears dark clothes, is antisocial, sits in front of a computer screen, and breaks into computer systems illegally. While such people do exist, they are more accurately called "script kiddies" or, depending on severity of infraction, "crackers." Hackers, in the general sense, merely enjoy "the intellectual challenge of creatively overcoming or circumventing limitations" ("Hacker"). Similarly, a geek is "a person who pursues skill and imagination, not mainstream social acceptance" ("Geek"). Hackers and geeks, together, form a creative force with which there is virtually (pun intended) no parallel. Many of the world's greatest inventors and scientists are geeks in this pure sense of the term. As mentioned in the definition, geeks, by their philosophy, whenever possible do not seek out money or similar worldly possessions. However, if either comes with the task, they does not disagree. Tim Berners-Lee, the inventor of the World Wide Web, explains: People have sometimes asked me whether I am upset that I have not made a lot of money from the Web. In fact, I made some quite conscious decisions about which way to take my life. These I would not change—though I am making no comment on what I might do in the future. What does distress me, though, is how important a question it seems to be to some. This happens mostly in America, not Europe. What is maddening is the terrible notion that a person's value depends on how important and financially successful they are, and that that is measured in terms of money. That suggests disrespect for the researchers across the globe developing ideas for the next leaps in science and technology. Core in my upbringing was a value system that put monetary gain well in its place, behind things like doing what I really want to do. To use net worth as a criterion by which to judge people is to set our children's sights on cash rather than on things that will actually make them happy. (107-108). Geeks and hackers seek out, instead of money, the feeling of creating something that may have seemed impossible. This feeling has even been termed a "geekasm," a portmanteau word combining "geek" and "orgasm." By creating things that have been impossible for others, geeks fall in the realm described by Mark Kac as magician genius.

The Hobbit by JRR Tolkein :: essays research papers

The Hobbit   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  This book began with Biblo Baggins smoking a pipe after breakfast. This is one of his favorite things to do and he feels good in doing it. He is middle-aged, and lives in a burrow in the ground. One morning Gandalf, a wizard stops by to talk with Biblo. He tells Biblo that he is looking for someone to go on an adventure with him. Although Biblo is tempted he decides not to go, but invites Gandalf for tea the next morning. The next day Biblo hears his doorbell and he remembers inviting Gandalf for tea, but instead of finding the wizard at the door, he finds 13 dwarves. Thorin son of the dwarf king starts to make a plan on how to regain the treasure stolen by the dragon Smaug. Biblo is shocked that these plans involve him. He then realizes that Gandalf has tricked him by writing on his door that he was a burglar looking for an exciting job. With all the talk of quests and glory Biblo decides to join the group on their adventure. Gandalf reveals a key and a map of th eir journey to the Lonely Mountain. It is there, that Smaug guards the treasure of Thorin's ancestors.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The journey begins and the group meets at the Green Dragon Inn. From there they travel into the Lone-lands. As heavy rains begin to fall, Biblo sees that Gandalf is missing. When it starts to pour they stop to investigate a light. Their Biblo finds three trolls grumbling about food. Biblo decides to live up to title of burglar and tries to pickpocket one of the trolls. However they quickly catch him. The dwarfs see what's going on and try to save Biblo but all of them except Thorin are caught. Thorin creates a plan to free them but fails. Gandalf returns and keeps the trolls attention till dawn, and then they turn into stone. The group takes the two swords and a knife that the trolls were carrying.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The travelers come across the Secret Valley. There they stop at Elrond's Last Homely House. Elrond tells them the only way to use the key that Thorin has is to wait where the thrush knocks and the setting sun will shine up on the keyhole. The next morning the group heads toward the Misty Mountains. A storm has caused them to look for shelter in a cave.

The Beat In Allen Ginsberg?s ?America? :: essays research papers

A half century ago, American poetics redefined itself when it made some organic changes. Traditional verse, as its force-fed rhyme and meter schemes often restricts any accurate report, was subdued and chastised in favor of a more-realistic, a more human-excretory approach to writing verse. Both the Projectivist and the Beat poets, led by Charles Olson and Allen Ginsberg respectively, were instrumental leaders in this mapping of future poetics. They felt communication to be a fine-tuned relationship between the mind and its environment, and as such, a writing tool naturally and necessarily void of abstraction. In fact, they considered the fruits of their labors as real, and as definite, as the material which it emerged.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Let’s take a closer look at the organic form desired by the Projectivist poet as described by Charles Olson. Primarily, the poet must compose his poem by field. In other words, instead of trying to fit the near-best word into a pre-ordained line, stanza, or form, the Projectivist poet uses an inherently-less-restrictive, open, free-style verse which relies solely on the poet’s digestion of his environment, or field. Using such verse could only prove to enhance true communication. Essentially, there are two interrelated parts to Projectivist verse, the â€Å"what?â€Å" and the â€Å"how?.†   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The â€Å"what?† can be split three ways: kinetics, principle, and process. Kinetics refers to the energy transfer from the field through the poet’s mind to his pen. The path the energy takes from field to pen is fixed and thus, as mentioned above, void of abstraction. The second part, principle, is simply a corollary to kinetics. This part of the â€Å"what?† has been best described by Robert Creeley who wrote, â€Å"form is never more than an extension of content.† Finally, the process of composing by field can be easily defined with an understanding of the domino effect. We all know that tapping thus toppling the first of a group of dominos stacked in alignment with each other will swiftly lead to a further tapped thus toppled domino. The same idea can be understood with regards to Projectivist theory of verse; as told to Olson by Edward Dahlberg, â€Å"one perception must immediately and directly lead to a further perception.†   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The second part of the theory of Projectivist verse, the â€Å"how,† is basically the life force the energy picks up as it travels through the poets body. Olson very eloquently referred to this union of field and life as â€Å"the dance of the intellect.

Work Roll Consumption

Reduction in Work Roll Consumption of Skin Pass Mill Using six sigma-A case study A Thesis Submitted to the Ranchi University in partial fulfilment of the requirement for the award of the degree Of Master of Science Engg. In PRODUCTION MANAGEMENT By CHANDRA PRAKASH ROLL NO: 20/M/PM/2002 Under the guidance of Mr K. D. P. Singh Lecturer Department of Mechanical Engineering [pic] MECHANICAL ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT NATIONAL INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY, JAMSHEDPUR September -2008 MECHANICAL ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT NATIONAL INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY, JAMSHEDPUR RANCHI UNIVERSITY CANDIDATE’S DECLARATION I here certify that the work which is being presented in this thesis entitled â€Å"Reduction in Work Roll Consumption of Skin Pass Mill using six sigma-A case study† in partial fulfilments for the award of degree of Master of Science Engg. In Production Management, & Submitted in the Department of Mechanical Engineering NIT, JAMSHEDPUR is an authentic record of my own work carried out under the Supervision of Mr K. D. P Singh Lecturer, Department of Mechanical Engineering. National Institute of Technology, Jamshedpur. The matter embodied in this thesis has not been submitted by me for the award of any other degree. Signature of candidate This is to certify that above statement made by the candidate is correct to the best of my knowledge. Mr K. D. P Singh Lecturer Mechanical Engineering Department NIT, Jamshedpur Dr J. N. Yadav Professor & HOD Mechanical Engineering Department Signature of internal examiner Signature of external examiner ACKNOWLEDGEMENT First of all I would like to express my gratitude to Mr. C. M. Verma Head, BAF/SPM/ECL Cold Rolling Mill, Tata Steel for allowing me to be a owner of this case study matching to my area of work where I could really apply and develop my technical skills in practical aspect. I am extremely grateful to Mr K. D. P. Singh (Lecturer NIT, JSR), Mr Vivek (Sr Manager, BAF & Six sigma Co-ordinator CRM), and Mr. Dharmendra Kumar (Manager Roll shop) for guiding this case study. They have guided me at every step, clearly explained the objectives, the problems statements, technical concepts and terminology to make my case study a success. They always extended a helping hand and spent their valuable time to explain the problems that ever obstructed my path. Working in Tata Steel has not only been a learning experience on technical aspects but there were many other things, which could only be experienced in organization of such repute. Their work culture, discipline, employee’s devotion towards their job and company are extraordinary. Thanks a lot to all those who helped me directly or indirectly during the completion of this case study and special thanks to the associates of Skin Pass Mill and Roll Shop of cold rolling mill Tata steel. Chandra Prakash ABSTRACT This case study deals in reducing Work Roll consumption of Skin Pass Mill of cold rolling Mill. Cold Rolling is a Process by which hot rolled strip or stock is introduced between rollers and squeezed or compressed to the desired thickness. The quality of work rolls that come into direct contact with the steel product has a direct effect on product quality and mill operation. At the time of taking up this case study, Roll cost was one of the major operational cost element for Skin pass Mill & due to increase in global Roll prices its contribution increases from 15 % of total conversion cost to 22 % of total conversion cost . In the mean time there were some additional problem associated with work roll grinding & operational practices at Skin pass mill which showing variability in the process of Roll grinding & Skin passing. This case study deals in bringing improvement in the work roll consumption of Skin pass Mill by using Six Sigma techniques (Define-Measure-Analyse-Improve & Control). Statistical methods are used to analyse the data and pin point the vital causes impacting the work roll consumption of Skin Pass Mill. Regression analysis & trial plan conducted during finalizing optimal and feasible solution, as this case study deals in improving standard operating practices & reducing variability within the process of roll grinding & skin passing. CONTENTS PAGE NO ABSTRACT 4 CONTENTS 5 LIST OF FIGURES 8 LIST OF TABLES 10 NOMENCLATURE 11 CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION AND LITERATURE SURVEY 1. 1 INTRODUCTION 12 1. 2 BASIC OF COLD ROLLING 15 1. 3 SKIN PASS MILL 16 1. 3. 1 OVERVIEW OF SKIN PASS MILL 18 1. 3. 2 PURPOSE OF SKIN PASSING 19 1. 4 ROLLS & THEIR REQUIREMENTS 25 1. 5 ROLL GRINDING PROCESS 31 1. 6 ROLL TEXTURING PRACTICES 35 . 7 SIX SIGMA APPROACH 41 1. 7. 2 SIX SIGMA IMPLEMENTATION 41 1. 8 PROBLEM DEFINITION 44 1. 9 OBJECTIVE OF CASE STUDY 45 CHAPTER 2: ANALYSIS OF THE PROBLEM PAGE NO 2. 1 INTRODUCTION 46 2. 2 BRAIN STORMING 46 2. 3 PARETO ANALYSIS 47 2. 4 INDIVIDUAL AND MOVING RANGE GRAPH 50 2. 5 MOODS MEDIAN TEST 52 2. 6 CAUSE EFFECT DIAGRAM 57 2. 7 OUTCOME OF ANALYSIS 60 CHAPTER – 3 METHODOLOGY TO ACHIEVE OBJECTIVES 3. 1INTRODUCTION 61 3. 2 PREPERATION OF ACTION PLAN 62 . 3 NORMAL GRINDING TRIALS & ACTION 62 3. 4 CRACK GRINDING TRIALS & ACTIONS 63 3. 5 SKIN PANEL ROLL GRINDING 63 3. 6 OPERATOR VARIABILITY 64 3. 7 ROLL CHANGE DUE TO ROLL ROUGHNESS 64 3. 8 SCH EDULING MODIFICATION 65 3. 9 ROUGHNESS PREDICTION MODEL 66 CHAPTER – 4 RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS PAGE NO 4. 1 INTRODUCTION 68 4. 2 BEFORE AND AFTER COMPARISSION 68 4. 3 DISCUSSION ON RESULTS 71 4. 4 RESULTS 72 4. 5 CONTROL PLAN 73 . 6 SAVINGSCALCULATION 74 CHAPTER – 5 CONCLUSION & FUTURE SCOPE 75 REFERENCES 76 List of Figures Page No 1. 1 Skin Pass Mill & Tandem Cold Mill Photograph 12 1. 2 Line layout of cold rolling mill 14 1. 3 Skin Pass Mill Tata steel 16 1. 4 Tensile test graph before skin Passing 20 1. 5 Tensile test graph after skin Passing 22 1. 6 Luder band 24 1. 7Correlation between Roughness & peak count28 1. 8 Skewness of Surface28 1. 9 Surface measured at EDT m/c Tata steel 29 2. 0 Waviness Roughness & form of surface30 2. Roll Grinding M/c at Cold Rolling Mill 32 2. 2 EDT Vs Shot Blast Roll 37 2. 3 Effect of time & temp on surface texture38 2. 4 Effect of –ve polarity on surface texture38 2. 5 Roll texturing m/c at Cold rolling mill40 2. 6 Work roll consumption trend at skin pass mill 44 2. 7 Pareto chart for SPM Work roll grinding 49 2. 8 X bar & moving range chart for normal grinding 50 2. 9 Box plot for different operator at Roll Shop 54 List of Figures Page No 3. 0 Capability histogram for normal grinding 55 3. 1 Roll tonnage trend at skin pass Mill 56 . 2 Abnormal roll change trend at skin pass mill 57 3. 3 Cause & effect diagram for roll change due to low Ra 58 3. 4 SPM Work roll consumption trend before case study 68 3. 5 SPM Work roll consumption trend before case study 69 3. 6 Capability histogram before case study 69 3. 7 Capability histogram after case study 70 3. 8 Trend of abnormal roll change at skin pass mill 71 List of Tables Page No 1. 1 Roll roughness detail of tandem & skin pass mill 26 1. 2 Roughness Accuracy detail of texturing m/c 27 1. Selection of peripheral speed 31 1. 4 Standard Stock removal specification 33 1. 5 Grit size for different Roll 34 1. 6 Action on Grinding wheel on various condition 34 1. 7 Structure of grinding based upon requirement 35 1. 8 Grinding data for skin pass mill work roll 49 1. 9 Data capturing sheet51 2. 0 Operator variability matrix52 2. 1 Regression test result53 2. 2 Abnormal Roll Change detail at Skin Pass mill56 2. 3 Prioritization matrix for roll change reasons 57 2. 4 Scheduling Example of skin pass mill59 2. Normal Grinding trials & findings62 2. 6 Crack Grinding trials & findings63 2. 7 Modified Scheduling Example 65 2. 8 list of parameter effecting roughness 66 2. 9 Results of case study 72 3. 0 Control Plan for reducing work roll consumption 73 3. 1 Saving of the case study 74 NOMENCLATURE TCM – Tandem Cold Mill SPM – Skin Pass Mill M/c, m/c – Machine EDT – Electro Discharge Texturing Ra – Average Roughness CRM – Cold Rolling Mill IMR – Individual Moving Range TDC – Technical Delivery Condition ECT – Eddy current testing CRMIS: Cold Rolling Mill Information system PLTCM: Pickling line tandem cold Mill YPE: Yield Point Elongation SPM: Skin Pass Mill BAF: Batch Annealing Furnace ECL: Electrolytic Cleaning line RCL: Recoiling line NSC: Nippon Steel Corporation CRCA: Cold Rolled Closed Annealed CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION AND LITERATURE SURVEY 1. INTRODUCTION This chapter gives information about cold rolling mill, Skin Pass mill, Roll grinding, and Roll texturing process . It also describes about six sigma tool & its implementation at the end it describes objective of the case study. Cold Rolling is a Process by which hot rolled strip or stock is introduced between rollers and squeezed or compressed to the desired thickness. Amount of strain introduce determines the properties of the finished product. Following are Purpose of Cold Rolling ? Good formability ? Superior surface finish ? Reasonable strength ? Close dimensional tolerance Fig 1. 1 Tandem Cold Mill Tata steel Skin Pass Mill Tata steel Cold Rolling Mill complex has been commissioned at TATA STEEL works in the year 2000. The total output of the Cold Rolling Mill complex consists of 0. 96 mt of cold rolled and annealed products and 0. 5 mtpa (Million Tonne Per Annum) of cold rolled and galvanized products. Hence, the total installed capacity of this unit is approximately 1. 5 million tons per annum. The range of thickness and width of these cold rolled products are 0. 3 to 3. 2 mm and 800 to1560 mm respectively. The primary input material to the cold rolling complex is a hot rolled coil. The cold rolled products are broadly under the categories: ? Annealed coils ? Galvanized coils ? Cold rolled full hard coils. The cold rolled products from the Cold Rolling Mill complex are designed to cater to various market segments such as construction, general Eng. , automobile, white goods, packaging and others. CRM Process flow at Tata Steel Pickling (to remove oxides and scales) Cold rolling in tandem mill to achieve desired thickness Electrolytic cleaning line to clean the surface dirt. Batch annealing furnace for internal stress relieving Skin passing to remove luder bands, develop mechanical properties, Impart desired surface finish; improve flatness, Inspection, finishing, dispatch Sub Section of Cold Rolling Mill ? Pickling Line &Tandem Cold Mill (PL-TCM) ? Batch Annealing Furnace (BAF) ? Electrolytic cleaning Line (ECL) ? Skin Pass Mill (SPM) ? Galvanising Line ? Recoiling Line (RCL) ? Coil Packaging Line (CPL) pic] Fig 1. 2 Line lay out of Cold Rolling Mill Tata steel 1. 2 Basic of Cold Rolling Mill Following are the basic Processes ? The Hot Strip Mill sends the hot rolled coils (thickness 2 to 6 mm width and 800-1560 mm) to the Cold Rolling Mill Complex for processing. ? First the hot rolled coils are passed through the Pickling section containing Hydrochloric acid, in order to cl ean the surface of rust & scales, making them ready for cold rolling. ? The Trimming Section where the edges of pickled hot rolled coils are trimmed( if necessary) ? The coil is then fed into the main mill, viz. Tandem Cold Mill with five mill stands, each having three pairs of rolls in the five stands which bring down the strip thickness in a controlled manner to the desired target value of (0. 3mm to 3. 2 mm). ? This completes the process of cold rolling or rolling at ambient temperatures. ? From here the two-third of the product goes to Electrolytic cleaning line, where generally two process takes place and they are Predegressing and electrolytic cleaning with the help of NaOH, after this the sheet is washed with high pressure steam to remove the bubbles of NaOH from the surface. Then the coil is dried in the hot drier. ? The coil comes to Batch Annealing furnace directly from Electrolytic cleaning line where they are stacked covered and heated in a closed hood in a 100% hydrogen atmosphere. This process improves the mechanical properties of the strip. ? The Skin Pass Mill takes care of the coils annealed in Batch Annealing furnace by passing them through a single stand high-speed mill with two pairs of rolls. The objective is to impart the correct surface texture and to control the mechanical properties as per customer requirement. The coils are properly oiled for rust protection and recoiled in the Recoiling Lines (RCL 1, 2 & 3) for inspecting the surface. ? The remaining one- third part of the production from PLTCM goes to the Galvanising Lines (1 & 2) where coils are again cleaned, rinsed, dried, L-annealed/heated and taken through a Molten zinc bath for a continuous uniform coating of zinc. This zinc coating helps give a sacrificial layer on the cold rol led strip for corrosion protection. The Continuous packaging line takes care of the packing requirement of the coils as per the customer specifications. 1. 3 Skin Pass Mill [pic] Fig 1. 3 Skin Pass Mill Tata steel front view Skin pass mill: Annealed coils are given a small cold reduction (typically around 1-3 %) in the skin pass mill. This operation results in the right surface roughness imparted on the strip surface as per the customer specifications. In addition, a metallurgical defects known as stretcher strains are eliminated, and also the flatness of the strip is improved. The basic operation done in the cold rolling mill is the wet temper rolling as a cold rolling finishing which is the final process in the integrated steel production, where all materials received from the cold rolling process are processed into the final products with required properties through cleaning, heat treatment and then temper rolling. As this process is closely related to user requirement for mechanical properties, surface properties, size etc. many detailed operation standards are required (annealing surface, size change). This process is quickly adaptable to shape correction reprocessing etc. ut there are many operations which require human hands, as compared with cold rolling. As skin passing is the final process of the integrated steel making operation, the information obtained from this process must be completely fed back to the processes on the down stream side of the steel making furnace. This process is located closest to users and achieving in line quality to meet the user requirements must guaranty the quality. The feed back of information to the preceding processes to be reflected in production is very important. The temper rolling operation falls into three types as shown below: Operation using water-soluble rolling oil Operation using oil-soluble rolling oil Operation in with no rolling oil is used (Dry rolling). Each type of rolling operation has both advantages and disadvantages. The type of rolling operation must be selected in due consideration of the ease of temper rolling, the ease of operation and rust preventive at downstream process at customers end. The surface of roll to be used for temper rolling is mat-finished by shot blasting of steel grit or Elector Discharge Texturing (EDT). This finish is widely as it ensures good paint ability. When the working rolls are ground, the roll surface is bright- finished to about Ra (0. 05 µm) by using a grinding wheel of small grain size. The surface roughness of the strip rolled by bright-finished rolls is below Ra(0. 35 µm), which is suitable for prime coating Generally, the surface finish condition of strip in the temper rolling process is controlled in terms of the surface finished of work rolls only. For confirmation of this condition, the roughness and look of sheet surface after temper rolling is Checked at regular intervals. Temper rolling oil used is mainly applied to thick products, using dull-finished work rolls. The majority of rolling oils used for this rolling are sodium nitrite-based oils. The concentration of sodium nitrite is 5 ( 10% oil-soluble temper rolling oils higher rust preventive power to meet required uses have been developed and put into practical use. 1. 3. 1 OVERVIEW OF SKIN PASS MILL Skin pass an overview ? Single stand mill ? 4- High wet skin pass non-reversible mill ? Capacity: 1mtpa ? Line speed: 900mpm ? Thk range: 0. 3-3. 2 mm ? Width range: 900-1580 mm SPM Equipment ? Main drive-3 ? Mill stand rolls-4 ? Auxiliary roll-8 ? Oiling system ? Fume exhaust system ? Hydraulic gap control system ? Elongation control ? Low pressure hydraulic system ? Quick roll changing car ? Auto tempered car ? Back up rolls polishing ? Unique Features of SPM ? Higher productivity. ? High degree of accuracy- elongation control ? Surface cleanliness- wet skin pass ? Eco fr iendly fume exhaust ? Automatic quick work rolls change & pass line 1. 3. 2 PURPOSE OF SKIN PASSING ? Improvement of mechanical properties of material ? Shape correction Adjustment of surface properties (roughness) ? Apply rust preventive oil (optional) ? Improvement of mechanical properties of material ? Elimination of yield point elongation ? Improvement of formability by decreasing the yield point ? Improvement of other mechanical properties The skin passing of material has to be done with optimum parameters such that the purpose of skin passing is met. Ideally the skin passing has to be done in such a way that alternate grains are strained by which we will get 50% strained surface grains and 50% strain free surface grains. Upper yield point Stress Yield point elongation Lower yield point Strain Fig 1. 4 tensile test graphs before skin passing Yield point elongation is a well-known phenomenon in low carbon steel. After the elastic portion of the stress strain curve (a schematic engineering stress-strain curve is shown in the above figure) the load drops at upper yield point. At lower yield point this drop becomes steady, but a continuous series of fluctuation appears in the stress strain curve. This is commonly known as yield point elongation. After this stage, the curve becomes smooth again. Reason: The reason behind this phenomenon is the alternate locking and unlocking of dislocations by the interstitial atoms (C and N) in steel matrix. C and N atoms form interstitial solid solution and these have natural affinity for locking the dislocations. The locked dislocations cannot move freely, which restricts deformation of the material. The deformation of the material is actually caused by movement and multiplication of dislocations. The deformation stops when the dislocations are not free enough to continue their movements, and further application of load in this situation causes crack generation and failure. After cold rolling and annealing, a low carbon steel strip is supposed to undergo a forming operation. However, this forming becomes difficult if the dislocations are pinned down by the interstitial solute atoms. The annealing treatment provides ample opportunity for the dislocations to move freely and sit at the thermodynamically favourable sites, where the solute atoms pin the dislocations and kill their mobility. This is commonly known as Cottrell atmosphere. Now, if the material is subjected to a tensile load, the stress strain curve will show a serration, i. . alternate load drop and load jump, just after the yield point. Load drop indicates that the dislocations are pulled off from the solute atmosphere, coupled with generation of fresh dislocations under the external force, and load jump indicates that the momentarily free dislocations are again encountering with the solute atoms. This actually constitutes the stage of yield point elongation. Due to the pinning effect of the s olute atoms, the dislocation multiplication sources also become active, which generates fresh dislocations. After this stage, when sufficient fresh dislocations are available for continuing deformation, the stress-strain curve becomes smooth again. This yield point elongation (YPE) is absolutely detrimental as far as the formability of the material is concerned. It creates Luder bands or stretcher strain marks, which finally leads to failure of the component. These bands are visible on the strip surface. When a test specimen exhibits YPE during its tensile testing, these bands appear on the specimen surface, starting from middle (where necking starts) and spreading towards the ends, at an angle of approximately 450 to the tensile axis. YPE elongation continues till the entire specimen surface is covered by the Luder band formation, then smooth plastic deformation starts. Here comes the role of skin passing. Since YPE, after batch annealing, cannot be avoided, a skin depth deformation is given to the just annealed steel strip. This skin depth deformation actually overcomes this region of the stress-strain curve. Sufficient number of dislocations is pulled off from the solute (C, N) atmosphere, at the same time fresh dislocations are generated, which is sufficient for facilitating the forming operation at the next stage. If the material, in skin passed (or temper rolled) condition, is subjected to tensile testing, the stress strain curve will not show any YPE and the plastic deformation will take place without a sharp yield point, as shown in the figure below. That is what precisely desired for drawing or deep drawing grade material. If this skin passed material is left unused for a sufficiently long time, or subjected to a brief heat treatment at a low temperature, the YPE reappears once again. The YS value also goes up and ductility of the material drops. This phenomenon is known as strain aging. UTS YS Stress Strain Fig 1. tensile test graphs after skin passing From the discussion made so far, it is clear that the locking of dislocations are related to the two important factors, one is movement of dislocations, the other is movement of interstitial solute atoms. Therefore diffusion has a very important role to play. If the testing is carried out at room temperature, the mobility of dislocations un der the action of external load is more than the mobility of solute atoms. If the similar test is carried out at a higher temperature, the mobility of the solute atoms increases, and movements of dislocation and solute atoms may be comparable. Such a situation would give rise to an interesting phenomenon called dynamic strain aging, where the solute atoms keep on interacting with the dislocations and the entire stress strain curve (after elastic limit) shows serration. Since YPE is directly related to the concentrations of C and N atoms in steel, the extent of deformation (known as temper elongation) to be given at skin pass mill (SPM), which is a critical factor, varies with steel composition. The magnitude of temper elongation should be high for higher C content. For instance, the temper elongation in case of CQ material should be higher than that in case of EDD grade. If the temper elongation is less than the required amount, the material will show stretcher strain marks during forming. If temper elongation is higher than the required amount, the strength of the material will increase. This is not desirable, particularly for the softer grades like IF and EDD, because the strain hardening exponent value is higher for these grades, compared to that for ordinary CQ material. Theoretically speaking, IF or interstitial free deep drawing grade steel should not require any skin passing. The reason is that the C and N concentrations are kept very low in this grade (of the order of 30 ppm). In addition, presence of Ti in this steel promotes the fixing of C and N atoms in form of carbide and carbonitiride precipitates, thereby creating a condition so that the Fe matrix becomes virtually free of interstitial solute atoms. Such a condition favours the easy movement of dislocations without any hindrance, and this steel has been established as the highest formable grade, with maximum deep drawability and ductility. In practice, IF grade steel is subjected to skin passing with a small magnitude of elongation, and, of all grades, it requires minimum temper elongation. The skin pass depends on Yield strength of the material in the following way: Lower the skin pass (roughly less than 0. 6 %), the material will have the tendency to show Bauschinger’s effect. Higher the skin passing (above 1. 5%) the material will be over strained. That’s the reason why the skin passing for a given YS, has to be done with the optimum reduction such that the material does not get into either of the problems stated above. Also percentage reduction increases with increasing YS to get the optimum properties. Parameters on which Skin pass Load depends: Grain Size: Higher the ASTM grain size number (finer the grain), higher is the skin pass load. Speed: Increasing the speed of skin pass mill will require higher load for the same reduction Diameter of work roll: Larger the diameter of the work rolls, higher is the roll force required to remove stretcher strain. Roughness of the strip from Tandem Cold Mill: The incoming coil has got some roughness values because of the final finishing in stand number (5) of tandem Cold Mill. Many times to high roughness of the incoming strip to Skin Pass Mill and the requirement of Average roughness values on the surface in the ranger of 0. -1. 2 microns for most applications, the peaks are knocked off during skin passing which is detrimental from forming and image clarity point of view. The best practice for this should be keeping as low roughness as possible on the strip surface after tandem cold mill (of course sticker formation during annealing in Batch annealing furnace has to be kept in mind), a nd imparting higher roughness on the work rolls in the skin pass mill. 1. 3. 3 THEORY OF SKIN PASSING When the annealed mild steel sheet is preformed, surface markings, called stretcher strains markings, appear on deformed parts. Stretcher strains are also called as Luder bands. The formation of these markings can be prevented by Skin passing the sheet by giving the sheet elongation of 1-2 % before Performing. LUDER BAND OR STRECHER STRAIN This band is formed with an angle of about 45 deg – 50 deg with respect to the tensile axis the markings formed between Upper and lower are called as â€Å"Luder Lines† or â€Å"Stretcher Strains† as shown in fig 1. 6 Tensile load Luder band Tensile load Fig 1. 6 Luder band 1. 4 Rolls & their requirement for Cold Rolling The performance characteristics of rolls used in cold rolling mill, both in Tandem Cold Mill(TCM) and Skin Pass Mill, are critical to mill productivity and to the quality and acceptance of the cold rolled products. With the rapid change in roll technology, roll management in cold rolling has become an area of utmost importance. The increasing requirements of critical surface finish and texture of flat rolled product has necessitated application of the state of art technology in roll preparation and roll inspection. Rolls also represent a significant investment and input to a value analysis of cost per ton rolled. The quality of work rolls that come into direct contact with the steel product has a direct effect on product quality and mill operation. A forged steel with a chromium content of 5 mass% has been conventionally used to meet the requirement of metallurgical structure homogeneity and high hardness for work rolls in cold rolling. Rolls having improved performance are strongly demanded. 1. 4. 1 Requirement from textured Rolls: 1. 4. 1. 1 Surface finish: Surface roughness is imparted to Work Rolls which are used in 5th stand of Tandem cold mill and to the work rolls of Skin Pass Mill. The primary requirement of surface roughness for tandem mill rolls is to prevent stickers in the next process i. e. batch annealing. The surface roughness on Skin pass mill is guided by the requirement of surface roughness on Cold rolled strip which is based on its end use. Ra is the universally recognized and most used international parameter of roughness. It is the arithmetic mean of the departures of the profile from the mean line. Ra = 1/L {y (x)}dx For a typical application of auto grade the Ra value in strip ranges from 0. 8 to 1. 2 micron. The final roughness on SPM roll is decided based on the transfer ratio of roughness from roll to strip (ranges from 45-60% based on mill parameters). A typical transfer plot and the values of roughness is shown in table 1. 1 Table 1. 1 Roll Roughness detail of Tandem cold mill & skin pass mill Work Roll |Tandem Cold MILL Work Rolls |Skin Pass Mill Work Rolls | |Average roughness |PPC |Average roughness |PPC | |3. |75 |3 |120 | |4. 0 |70 |3. 0 |96, 118 | |4. 5 |65 |3. 5 |80 | |5. 0 |60 |4. 0 |70 | The distribution of surface roughness over the roll body is also of importance to ensure consistency of surface roughness over the strip widths produced in a campaign. The ROLLTEX Electro discharge texturing process of Sarclad machine produces a texture to the capability as mentioned in table 1. 2. Roughness Definition: Roughness is defined as the finer irregularities of the surface texture that usually result from the inherent action of some production process such as machining or wear. Roughness features are typically in the sub micron range. Continuously recurring, irregular depressions and elevations on the surface of the coil are known as roughness. Rough coil surface is usually caused by severe roll groove wears surface roughness can also be caused due to corrosion if the rod is stored for lengthy periods in damp or corrosive atmospheres. The degree of roughness can be determined by microscopic examination or with Ra meter. Surface roughness has two main attributes: Roughness height or depth, and Lateral dimension. Roughness heights of the structure on polishing or machining surface are frequently measured as a root mean square roughness. The units of roughness are angstroms or nanometres for smoothers surface ‘lim' and micrometers â€Å" µm† for rougher surface. Lateral dimensions frequently and called surface spatial wave lengths are measured in micrometers. A rough surface is usually described in terms of its deviation from a smooth reference surface. Some conventional methods for surface measurement are optical microscope, scanning electron microscope and transmission electron microscope. These can be used to produce topographic maps of surfaces. Today laser scattering technique has become more common. Ra value: Average/mean height of surface peaks and troughs over a reference length indicates an overall profile of the sheet surface, dullness or brightness. Roughness is imparted to the rolls by Electro discharge texturing method Table 1. 2 Roughness accuracy detail of texturing m/c |Sno |Range of roughness value |Accuracy of surface produced (Ra) |Accuracy of surface produced (PPC-peaks per | | | | |centimetre) | |1 |0. to 6. 0 micron Ra |+/- 4 % of mean Ra |+/- 4 % of mean PPC | |2 |6. 1 to 10. 0 micron Ra |+/- 5 % of mean Ra |+/- 5 % of mean PPC | |3 |>10. 1 micron Ra |+/- 6 % of mean Ra |+/- 6 % of mean PPC | 1. 4. 1. 2 Peak Count: It is the measurement of number of peaks in the specified length over a particular bandwidth (normally 1 micron). A profile peak is the highest part of the profile between an upwards and downwards crossing of the mean line. The exposed auto body panels typically require 100 ppi on the Cold rolled sheet. The transfer ratio of peak counts from roll to the strip ranges between 60-70%, based on again the rolling conditions. Figure 1. 7 shows the correlation between the roughness of the surface & the peak counts. Fig 1. 7 Correlation between roughness & peak counts Stability of the surface profile: The textured roll is required to give a consistent transfer of roughness and peak count on the strip while rolling. During rolling the surface experiences wear of the peaks and the roll is Fig 1. 8 Skewness of surface discarded after a certain tonnage, determined based on the cut-off point of surface requirement on the strip. To assess this requirement of surface stability, metrology experts and certain European instrument manufacturers have devised surface texture height parameters, which can be analysed by a Data Processing Module (DPM), supplied separately by the surface finish tester manufacturers. Out of various parameters used in this analysis, the most commonly used is Rsk (Skewness) and tp % (known as bearing ratio). Rsk is the measure of the symmetry of the amplitude distribution curve about the mean line. As shown in figure 1. 8 if Rsk is negative the surface peaks are higher, which is prone to a large drop in surface finish during the initial rolling. Based on the practical experience of cold rollers over the world, a slight positive value is preferred. A typical surface plot after texturing a surface to roughness value of 2. 93 micron in Sarclad EDT machine and measured by DPM is shown in Figure 1. 9 Fig 1. 9 Surface measurements done on Tata EDT-Skin Pass Mill roll. The Bearing ratio (tp%) is a measure of the length of bearing surface (expressed as a % of the assessment length), where the profile peaks have been cut off at a line which runs parallel to the mean line of the profile. The line defining the bearing surface can be set at a selected depth below the highest peak or at a selected distance above or below the mean line of the profile. When this line is set to the depth of the largest profile valley, the tp is 100% because the entire profile is above the bearing line. By plotting the tp value against depth below the highest profile peak between the 0% and 100 % limits, the bearing ratio (known as Abott- Firestone curve) curve is obtained. Figure 1. 9 shows the bearing ratio curve against a particular value of Rsk. 1. 4. 1. 3Waviness: Most surface profile results from the combined effects of roughness, waviness and form as shown in figure 2 Waviness parameters are produced by passing the data of the surface measurement through a low pass filter, so that longer wavelengths than the cut-off are included. The waviness, Wa is calculated from the resulting profile. Fig 2 Waviness, Roughness and Form of a surface Wavelengths in the roughness category < 800 micron are covered or filtered out by painting, in the end application of the CR strip. Wavelengths >800 micron defined as â€Å"Waviness† remain or are enhanced after painting and contribute to poor Distinctness of image or image clarity. If Wa is held below 0. 6 micron, irrespective of the Ra, then those wavelengths >800 micron have only a marginally adverse effect on Distinctness of image. Samples of sheet produced by tandem/ temper mill rolls textured by the Rolltex EDT process consistently show levels of Wa

Chemistry Experiment: Bubble Blowing

Bubble quality Is most positively affected by the mixture of sugar and dish detergent due to the sticky consistency of sugar when emerged in liquid. Procedure: First of all, three cups were labeled according to their solution.Then, a teaspoon of dish soap and two-thirds of a cup of water was added and mixed to make cup#l . Next, a half teaspoon of table sugar was added to the same control solution and was named cup #2, as well as half a teaspoon of table salt to cup #3. After that, a straw was used to blow bubbles, by being dipped into each solution separately and blown through. Finally, data was recorded.Control Sugar salt Appearance of Solution Colorless – More translucent than control – Cloudy Bubble Size – Generally small; occasionally medium – Consistently medium-sized; bigger than control – Medium to large Ease of Bubble Blowing – Easy to blow – Must be gentle – Moderately easy Some strength and speed needed – Diffi cult – Must be gentle and slow *Relative Time Before Bubbles Popped – 5-10 seconds 15-20 seconds – 10-15 seconds * Time started when bubble left straw and popped, under any circumstances, such as touching objects.Analysis: The effects of adding table salt and sugar are positive, In comparison to the control. Both of the added ingredients made the overall bubble quality stronger. The refusing to pop for about 15-20 seconds. This is most likely because when sugar dissolves, it becomes sticky; therefore, it would make a tackier bond with the dish soap than the control. On the other hand, although very slow and gentle blows were deed to produce adequate bubbles with the salt solution, it was much stronger than the control; its relative time before the bubbles popped was about 10-15 seconds, whilst the control only lasted around 5-10 seconds.Hence, if one were to pick out the strongest solution, the table sugar mixture would be the best. Conclusion: The previous hypo thesis that, bubble quality improves with the addition of sugar, has been proven true. To improve this experiment, an increase in amount of the table salt and sugar should be made. This will create a more drastic and clear difference. Also, a bigger area of space would allow the bubbles to freely move and give more accurate times on their survival.Another hypothesis regarding bubble making is that adding both, salt and sugar, to dish soap will boost the bubble quality. By taking in both strong qualities of the sugar solution's strength and the salt's size, this solution will be better than both the salt and sugar mixtures alone. In order to do this, one teaspoon of each ingredient, salt and sugar, should be added to a two- thirds cup of water. Stir well, and blow with adjustments to speed and strength, with a straw.

Logical Processor and Reactive Stimulator Essay

When I took the test I came out with Logical Processor and Reactive Simulator. Both of my styles were even so not one outweighed the other. I had to laugh when I actually completed the test. It all comes in hand with my current additional duties at work. I am a union steward and when it comes to this job I initially use Reactive Simulator. When I first get a grievance, my initial reaction is to get to the meeting immediately so that I can hurry up and fry the other individual because I need immediate results. Well it doesn’t work like that. I have 15 days from the time that I receive my case to get all of my facts together; do research within the contract laws to see which ones were violated. It really helps when I have a griever that has a good case they could win. As a steward I have to fight for the griever whether or not they are correct. Sometimes being a Reactive simulator causes me to get into confrontations. I immediately react to different situations, always on the defense. With this style it causes me to not hear other individual’s side of the story, because in my eyes if you are wrong than that’s how I am going keep the situation until I am proven otherwise. My communication is a little misunderstood by my co-workers. I am not a really compassionate person so I don’t take personal issues into consideration. I can sometimes come off harsh, but I really think that I am misunderstood by others. My Logical Processor can also balance me out. When I have a task or a major project, I will do my research on it. I am not going to say that I am a know-it-all, but if I have to prove something to my supervisor, I will go to the regulations and prove her wrong, not intentionally. If it takes me all day to find the answer to an issue, than I will use the whole day, as long as I am correct. I am a individual that hates change and if I can keep something the same by proving that they are doing something illegal, then so be it. Both the Logical Processor and the Reactive Simulator makes my Strategic pattern a performer. One of those attributes is that I want results to be quickly achieved. The results have to have a good outcome with it. I like to get the job done, I do not like to take the shortcut, nor do I like the think out of the box approach!

Smoking And Coronary Heart Disease Health And Social Care Essay

Medical inventions and quickly germinating engineering has led to a lessening in the rate of mortality from diseases. However, the fast and invariably altering feverish life style of today has led to the debut of new diseases, unhealthy life style and early, premature deceases. Today ‘s engineering has provided us with the benefits of early sensing and preventative interventions and replies to some of the antecedently incurable diseases. But it has brought in increased emphasis and unhealthy feeding and other wonts that have in some ways caused more harm than benefit. This study titled â€Å" Smoke: The Heart Breaker † is a expression at the current state of affairs of coronary bosom diseases caused by smoke, relevant statute laws, policies and patterns, schemes to cover with the state of affairs and hereafter of the disease at local, national and planetary degrees. The study will get down by discoursing the smoke and coronary bosom disease as a public wellness issue and the grounds for concern. It will supply a background to assist better understand the present state of affairs along with an epidemiology of the disease and its causes, with particular mention to smoke. It will so travel on to describe about the legislative policies and schemes that are being presently undertaken in the part of Burnley, East Lancashire to counter this peculiar wellness issue. The study will besides discourse the policies and enterprises and the position of the wellness issue at national and planetary degree, so as to supply a complete and holistic image of the earnestness of the wellness issue. Finally the study will discourse the current schemes being employed by the authorities every bit good as non-government bureaus to undertake the wellness issue. Recommendations will besides be made to assist do an betterment in the current state of affairs.2.0 Public Healt h Issue: Coronary Heart Disease due to SmokingThe term ‘Coronary bosom disease ‘ is used to depict a status of obstruction or break of blood supply to the bosom due to build-up of fatty substances in the coronary arterias ( NHS, 2009 ) . This build-up ( called atheroma ) can take to deficient supply of blood to the bosom doing hurting in the thorax known as angina. A wholly out of use arteria can take to a bosom onslaught ( called myocardial infarction ) ( NHS, 2009 ) . There are assorted mild to critical impacts of this status that even ensue in decease. Harmonizing to the British Heart Foundation Statistics ( 2009 ) , diseases related to the bosom and circulatory issues are the biggest cause of deceases in the UK, ensuing in over 90,000 deceases in the UK in a twelvemonth. This has resulted in non merely raised concerns about the disease but besides turning attempts to increase the consciousness about the disease, its causes, and preventative every bit good as precauti onal steps that can assist to avoid the disease. The state of affairs is n't any brighter in other parts of the universe. Harmonizing to the World Health Organisation ( WHO ) , the bulk of states around the universe are affected by coronary bosom disease and the disease is a major slayer, particularly in developing and transitional states of the universe. In a WHO study, cardiovascular diseases ‘ including coronary bosom disease is considered to be the taking cause of decease and is projected to increase from 17.1 million in 2004 to 23.4 million in 2030 ( WHO, 2004 ) . Among the assorted causes of coronary bosom disease, smoke is regarded to be one of the primary causes. Harmonizing to the WHO study, tobacco-related deceases are expected to lift from 5.4 million in 2004 to 8.3 million in 2030, stand foring 10 % of all planetary deceases ; and smoke has been associated to cardiovascular diseases and subsequent deceases ( WHO, 2004 ) . Harmonizing to a survey conducted in 2008, smoke is the taking cause of cardiovascular diseases including coronary bosom disease ( Bullen, 2008 ) . Though increasing age has been thought as a cause of coronary bosom disease, two surveies have found that improper life style, emphasis, etc are increasing the mortality rates due to coronary bosom disease among the immature population in the UK, USA and Australia ( Nemetz, Roger & A ; Ransom, 2008 ) & A ; ( Ford & A ; Capewell, 2007 ) . Therefore, the turning concern for this disease and its preventable yet common cause is the pick of subject for this study.2.1 Background and EpidemiologyCardiovascular diseases including coronary bosom disease have been found to be an indifferent slayer that can make mayhem in any society irrespective of its economic, political, cultural, spiritual, regional or racial individuality. Similarly, baccy smoke ( either active or inactive ) is known to be a major cause of many diseases including the coronary bosom disease. Given the nerve-racking life style in today ‘s universe, many people take up smoking to undertake the emphasis degrees and in the procedure get a ddicted. They non merely harm themselves but besides people around them. The part of Burnley in East Lancashire, is no exclusion to this tendency. Bing witness to many friends and household members taking up smoking in the name of alleviating emphasis and so acquiring addicted and eventually stoping up enduring from diseases, particularly coronary bosom disease inspired the pick of subject for this study. There are several causes that can ensue in coronary bosom disease. The NHS lists smoke as the major cause of the disease ( NHS, 2009 ) . The assorted other causes of coronary bosom disease have been listed as high blood force per unit area, high degree of cholesterin in blood, presence of thrombosis and / or diabetes unhealthy life style with no regular exercising, fleshiness and a household history of angina and / or bosom onslaught ( which are familial ) ( Nemetz et al, 2008 ) . The hazard factors associated with coronary bosom diseases which can non be treated, modified or changed include age, gender and heredity ( or race ) . Increasing age increases the hazards of coronary bosom disease and human death from it. Men are found to be at a greater hazard of enduring from coronary bosom disease in comparing to adult females ( Wells, 1999 ) . Heredity of coronary disease or its causes such as diabetes, high blood force per unit area, and cholesterin are besides known to make hazards o f coronary bosom conditions. The causes such as smoke, high degree of cholesterin in blood, high blood force per unit area, physical inaction, being overweight and / or fleshiness and diabetes ( diabetes mellitus ) are some of the hazard factors of coronary bosom disease that can be modified, changed and controlled by taking medicine and / or by following a healthy life style. Other hazard factors and causes of the disease include emphasis and intoxicant dependence and can in certain fortunes prove to be fatal causes of the coronary bosom disease ( Ewles & A ; Simnet, 2003 ) . Comparative informations of the effects of coronary bosom disease in different states do non supply a really positive image ( see appendix 1 ) . Harmonizing to a World Health Organisation study study, the mortality from cardiovascular diseases in 2002 for the developed states like the United Kingdom and the United States was higher than many other developing states like China, India, even Nigeria ( WHO, 2002 ) . It is clear from the informations, that developing states have a much higher mortality rate from cardiovascular and accordingly coronary bosom diseases in the developed states like UK, USA, Germany ; and an of import fact to notice is that the decease rate is higher in the European part in comparing to other parts of the universe. This most likely can be attributed to the inordinate usage of baccy, intoxicant, improper life style that increases emphasis degrees, improper eating wonts that leads to blood sugar and cholesterin in the blood. The baccy use in different states around the universe besides points towards the ghastliness and outrageousness of the state of affairs, through which one can appreciate the hazard of baccy doing farther deceases due to coronary bosom disease ( WHO, 2008 ) . The WHO report on baccy ingestion in different states show that despite authorities enterprises and ordinances, the baccy ingestion has largely increased and has led to increased mortality particularly in the age groups between 25-45 old ages. Though coronary bosom disease is of planetary nature without any sort of boundary, assorted specific groups of people are in greater hazard of holding the disease in comparing to others. The affinity to holding coronary bosom disease is dependent on factors such as geographics, heredity, age and gender. Work force are at an increased hazard of enduring from coronary bosom conditions as compared to adult females ( Wells, 1999 ) . Increase in age increases the opportunities of enduring from coronary bosom disease ( DoH, 2004 ) . Coronary bosom conditions are besides known to be prevailing among Mexican Americans, some Asiatic Americans, American Indians, and Native Hawaiians ( American Heart Association, 2010 ) . England is one of the most vulnerable states in Europe when it comes to coronary bosom diseases ( NHS, 2009 ) . Populations in developing and developing states of the universe excessively are at a higher hazard of enduring from coronary bosom disease and related human deaths ( American Heart Association, 2010 ) . Smokers, corpulent people and people with high blood cholesterin are besides included in the high hazard group for coronary bosom disease. Female tobacco users are more susceptible to the disease particularly with increased age since females are more susceptible to the dangers of smoking in comparing to work forces ( WHO, 2002 ) . With increased impact of aggressive and unhealthy life style and emphasis, the immature population across the developed states of the universe excessively are progressively coming under the hazard of coronary bosom disease ( NHS, 2008 ) . Therefore, these hazard factors result in the coronary bosom disease taking on a pandemic nature if certain precautional and preventative steps are non taken to command the hazard factors that can be influenced.3.0 Schemes, Policies and EnterprisesGiven the turning concern about coronary bosom diseases, deceases due to the disease and the impact on the younger population, authorities bureaus around the universe are taking stairss to battle the turning threat. Non-governmental and private bureaus excessively are fall ining the attempts to advance a healthy life style and consciousness about preventative techniques that can assist to convey down the hazards associated with the disease and the lifting instances of human deaths. This subdivision of the study looks at the schemes, docket, policies, that are being undertaken at the local ( NHS East Lancashire, 2010 ) , national and planetary degrees to battle coronary bosom disease.3.1 Local Public HealthIn East Lancashire, several workshops and other programmes have been undertaken to increase consciousness, educate and assist the occupants of the country give up smoke and follow a healthy life style that will assist forestall and contend coronary bosom disease. The MPs in the part are promoting antismoking statute laws and policies being adopted by the governments. The NHS has introduced the construct of fume free zones. The SMYL programme is advancing healthy life style and eating wonts ( NHS East Lancashire, 2010 ) . Another run called ‘Could it be you ‘ was besides started in 2008 to assist people fight coronary bosom disease and follow healthy and preventative life style ( Chime Communications Plc, 2008 ) . The governments in East Lancashire have besides collaborat ed with different bureaus to get down webs that can advance anti baccy run and raise consciousness on coronary bosom disease ( NHS Networks, 2010 ) . This engagement of the authorities every bit good as non-government bureaus in the country, one can be hopeful that headroom will be made into the affair. However, it is of import that the public realise the criticalness of the state of affairs and take advantages of the programmes being undertaken to hold a long, healthy and disease free life.3.2 Deductions at the National LevelThe National Heart Forum ( 2006 ) indicated that bosom diseases cost the UK around ?29 billion per twelvemonth and was termed as ‘economic load ‘ . There are several programmes that have been taken up by the wellness attention governments and the authorities in coaction with non-government bureaus to advance anti smoking wonts in the state. Several regional programmes such as Bolsover – Teenage Smoking Programme, Corby – Smoking Cessat ion Programme, Halton – Smoke-free Programme, London Borough of Tower Hamlets – Tobacco Control Alliance, Pendle – Smoke-free Council, Heartbeat Awards, the GO Smokefree Campaign, etc have been launched in an earnest to control the turning consequence of smoke in the state ( I & A ; DeA, 2009 ) . Several governmental statute laws have besides been put into topographic point ( I & A ; DeA, 2007 ) . The Department of Health has besides started programmes such as Start4Life, 5 A Day, National Support Teams and Let ‘s Get Moving to advance healthy life style that can assist to forestall coronary bosom disease ( DoH, 2010 ) . Therefore the assorted authorities and nongovernment bureaus in UK are doing attempt to command smoking wont and better life style of the citizens of the state thereby guaranting a brighter future free from smoking and coronary bosom disease.3.3 Global HealthThe battle against smoke and coronary bosom disease has taken tremendous proportio ns with the turning realization that these are two of the most of import slayers in the universe today. Particularly, the apprehension that smoking causes diseases such as the coronary bosom disease non merely in the tobacco user but besides in non-smokers who have been in the presence of tobacco users, has led major administrations and developed states of the universe to taking a base against smoke. The ‘Work with Heart ‘ undertaking by WHO is assisting to distribute the message of preventative actions that can assist in forbiding coronary bosom disease and other cardiovascular diseases ( WHO, 2010a ) . WHO has besides taken up research and planetary partnership enterprises to assist the developing states of the universe battle cardiovascular diseases ( WHO, 2010b ) . Furthermore, WHO has aligned with several states in the universe to advance regional activities under the planetary scheme to counter cardiovascular diseases which includes America, Eastern Mediterranean, Africa, South-East Asia, European part and Western Pacific ( WHO, 2010c ) . To assist contend the smoke dependence turning among states, WHO has set up the Global Tobacco Surveillance System ( GTSS ) ( WHO, 2010d ) and is besides join forcesing with different international administrations such as the United Nations and the authoritiess of assorted states to assist run against sale and usage of baccy among different states ( WHO, 2010e ) .4.0 Recommendations and DecisionUpon analyzing the current state of affairs on a local, national and planetary footing, the undermentioned recommendations can be made: Enterprises to forestall coronary bosom disease and advance anti smoke wonts need to be undertaken at the grass root degree, i.e. at local degree. This will do the enterprises and runs more effectual. The developing states such as India, Brazil and China need to be targeted with assurance. Further researches into preventative and healing medical specialties and engineerings for coronary bosom diseases need to be promoted. Healthy life style demands to be promoted at every degree since preventative patterns are more good than healing 1s. It is of import to gain that despite several enterprises being taken by local, national and planetary bureaus and authoritiess, smoking tendencies are increasing around the universe and has started to impact the immature population. Coronary bosom disease excessively has started to take its toll on the population around the universe due to the feverish and unhealthy life styles that have come to pervade people ‘s lives. It is extremely indispensable that for the success of the enterprises and programmes, people must be involved in them and everyone across the Earth has to gain that simple alterations to their life style, eating wonts and anti smoke steps will assist to contend and forestall coronary bosom disease. The alterations in life style will besides convey down coronary bosom disease caused due to other factors such as emphasis, intoxicant, blood sugar and cholesterin. To reason, it can be stated that bar is better than remedy and discontinuing smoke and taking a healthy life style can protect everyone from the soundless slayer, the coronary bosom disease ( Ewles & A ; Simnet, 2003 ) .MentionsAmerican Heart Association ( 2010 ) Hazard Factors and Coronary Heart Disease [ Online ] last accessed 2nd December 2009 at hypertext transfer protocol: //www.americanheart.org/presenter.jhtml? identifier=4726 ASH ( 2009 ) Ash facts at a glimpse: Execution of the Smoke-free Law in England, Wales and Northern Ireland [ Online ] last accessed 2nd December 2009 at hypertext transfer protocol: //www.ash.org.uk/files/documents/ASH_594.pdf Ash ( 2007 ) Ash facts at a glimpse: Smoke and Diseases [ Online ] last accessed 2nd December 2009 at hypertext transfer protocol: //www.ash.org.uk/files/documents/ASH_94.pdf Ash ( 2010 ) Ash facts at a glimpse: Smoke Statisticss [ Online ] last accessed 2nd December 2009 at hypertext transfer protocol: //www.ash.org.uk/files/documents/ASH_93.pdf Ash ( 2010 ) Ash facts at a glimpse: Tobacco Economicss [ Online ] last accessed 2nd December 2009 at hypertext transfer protocol: //www.ash.org.uk/files/documents/ASH_95.pdf Ash ( 2009 ) Ash facts at a glimpse: Tobacco Regulations [ Online ] last accessed 2nd December 2009 at hypertext transfer protocol: //www.ash.org.uk/files/documents/ASH_96.pdf British Heart Foundation Statistics Website ( 2009 ) Mortality [ Online ] last accessed 2nd December 2009 at hypertext transfer protocol: //www.heartstats.org/topic.asp? id=17 Bullen, C. ( July, 2008 ) . Impact of Tobacco Smoking and Smoking Cessation on Cardiovascular Risk and Disease. Expert Review of Cardiovascular Therapy, Vol. 6, No. 6, pp. 883-895. Chime Communications Plc ( 2008 ) East Lancashire PCT Enlists BMT to Develop a Campaign to Undertake the Region ‘s Biggest Killer [ Online ] last accessed 2nd December 2009 at hypertext transfer protocol: //www.chime.plc.uk/press-releases/bmt-launches-east-lancashire-pct-campaign-could-it-be-you Department of Health ( DoH ) ( 2010 ) Public Health [ Online ] last accessed 2nd December 2009 at hypertext transfer protocol: //www.dh.gov.uk/en/Publichealth/index.htm Department of Health ( DoH ) ( 2004 ) The National Service Framework for Coronary Heart Disease: Wining the War on Heart Disease [ Online ] last accessed 2nd December 2009 at hypertext transfer protocol: //www.dh.gov.uk/en/Publicationsandstatistics/Publications/PublicationsPolicyAndGuidance/DH_4077154 Ewles L, Simnett I. ( 2003 ) . Promoting Health: A Practical Guide. London: Balliere Tindall. Ford, E. S. & A ; Capewell, S. ( 2007 ) Coronary Heart Disease Mortality Among Young Adults in the U.S. from 1980 Through 2002. Concealed Levelling of Mortality Rates Journal of the American College of Cardiology Vol. 50, pp. 2128-2132. Improvement and Development Agency ( I & A ; DeA ) ( 2009 ) Smoking [ Online ] last accessed 2nd December 2009 at hypertext transfer protocol: //www.idea.gov.uk/idk/core/page.do? pageId=5889940 Improvement and Development Agency ( I & A ; DeA ) ( 2007 ) Smoke-free Legislation [ Online ] last accessed 2nd December 2009 at hypertext transfer protocol: //www.idea.gov.uk/idk/core/page.do? pageId=6166044 National Health Service ( NHS ) ( 2009 ) Health A-Z: Coronary Heart Disease [ Online ] last accessed 2nd December 2009 at hypertext transfer protocol: //www.nhs.uk/conditions/Coronary-heart-disease/Pages/Introduction.aspx National Health Service ( NHS ) ( 2008 ) Rates of Heart Disease in the Young [ Online ] last accessed 2nd December 2009 at hypertext transfer protocol: //www.nhs.uk/news/2007/January08/Pages/Ratesofheartdiseaseintheyoung.asp National Heart Forum ( 2006 ) Economic Cost of Heart Disease [ Online ] last accessed 2nd December 2009 at hypertext transfer protocol: //www.heartforum.org.uk/AboutCHD_Economicburden.aspx Nemetz, P. N. , Roger, V. L. , Ransom, J. E. , Bailer, K. R. , Edwards, W. D. , Leibson, C. L. ( 2008 ) Recent Trends in the Prevalence of Coronary Disease: A Population-Based Autopsy Study of Non-natural Deaths Archival of Internal Medicine Vol. 168, No. 3, pp. 264-270. NHS East Lancashire ( 2010 ) SMYL If you want to populate longer [ Online ] last accessed 2nd December 2009 at hypertext transfer protocol: //www.smyl.eastlancspct.nhs.uk/welcome/ NHS Networks ( 2010 ) East Lancashire Public Health Network [ Online ] last accessed 2nd December 2009 at hypertext transfer protocol: //www.networks.nhs.uk/networks.php? pid=727 Smoke Free ( 2007 ) Smoke-free Legislation Compliance Data [ Online ] last accessed 2nd December 2009 at hypertext transfer protocol: //www.smokefreeengland.co.uk/files/dhs01_03-smokefree_report_final.pdf Wells, A. J. ( 1999 ) Passive Smoking and Coronary Heart Disease New England Journal of Medicine Vol. 341, No. 9, pp.697-698. World Health Organisation ( WHO ) ( 2004 ) Causes of Death ( portion 2 ) . The Global Burden of Disease: 2004 Update [ Online ] last accessed 2nd December 2009 at hypertext transfer protocol: //www.who.int/healthinfo/global_burden_disease/GBD_report_2004update_part2.pdf World Health Organisation ( WHO ) ( 2010a ) Cardiovascular Diseases: Key messages to protect bosom wellness [ Online ] last accessed 2nd December 2009 at hypertext transfer protocol: //www.who.int/cardiovascular_diseases/en/ World Health Organisation ( WHO ) ( 2002 ) Global Burden of Disease in 2002: Data Beginnings, Methods and Results [ Online ] last accessed 2nd December 2009 at hypertext transfer protocol: //apps.who.int/infobase/compare.aspx? dm=10 & A ; countries=818 % 2c250 % 2c414 % 2c484 % 2c554 % 2c566 % 2c643 % 2c710 % 2c826 % 2c840 & A ; year=2002 & A ; sf1=mo.cg.059 & A ; sex=all World Health Organisation ( WHO ) ( 2010d ) Global Information System on Tobacco Control [ Online ] last accessed 2nd December 2009 at hypertext transfer protocol: //www.who.int/tobacco/global_data/en/index.html World Health Organisation ( WHO ) ( 2010e ) Global Network [ Online ] last accessed 2nd December 2009 at hypertext transfer protocol: //www.who.int/tobacco/global_interaction/en/ World Health Organisation ( WHO ) ( 2010c ) Regional Activities to the Global CVD Strategy [ Online ] last accessed 2nd December 2009 at hypertext transfer protocol: //www.who.int/cardiovascular_diseases/region/en/ World Health Organisation ( WHO ) ( 2010b ) Research and Global Partnership Initiatives [ Online ] last accessed 2nd December 2009 at hypertext transfer protocol: //www.who.int/cardiovascular_diseases/research/en/ World Health Organisation ( WHO ) ( 2008 ) Tobacco Use: Infobase [ Online ] last accessed 2nd December 2009 at hypertext transfer protocol: //apps.who.int/infobase/report.aspx? rid=116 & A ; dm=8BibliographyAmerican Heart Association ( 2010 ) Hazard Factors and Coronary Heart Disease [ Online ] last accessed 2nd December 2009 at hypertext transfer protocol: //www.americanheart.org/presenter.jhtml? identifier=4726 Ash ( 2007 ) Ash facts at a glimpse: Smoke and Diseases [ Online ] last accessed 2nd December 2009 at hypertext transfer protocol: //www.ash.org.uk/files/documents/ASH_94.pdf ASH ( 2009 ) Ash facts at a glimpse: Execution of the Smoke-free Law in England, Wales and Northern Ireland [ Online ] last accessed 2nd December 2009 at hypertext transfer protocol: //www.ash.org.uk/files/documents/ASH_594.pdf Ash ( 2009 ) Ash facts at a glimpse: Tobacco Regulations [ Online ] last accessed 2nd December 2009 at hypertext transfer protocol: //www.ash.org.uk/files/documents/ASH_96.pdf Ash ( 2010 ) Ash facts at a glimpse: Smoke Statisticss [ Online ] last accessed 2nd December 2009 at hypertext transfer protocol: //www.ash.org.uk/files/documents/ASH_93.pdf Ash ( 2010 ) Ash facts at a glimpse: Tobacco Economicss [ Online ] last accessed 2nd December 2009 at hypertext transfer protocol: //www.ash.org.uk/files/documents/ASH_95.pdf British Heart Foundation Statistics Website ( 2009 ) Mortality [ Online ] last accessed 2nd December 2009 at hypertext transfer protocol: //www.heartstats.org/topic.asp? id=17 Bullen, C. ( July, 2008 ) . Impact of Tobacco Smoking and Smoking Cessation on Cardiovascular Risk and Disease. Expert Review of Cardiovascular Therapy, Vol. 6, No. 6, pp. 883-895. Chime Communications Plc ( 2008 ) East Lancashire PCT Enlists BMT to Develop a Campaign to Undertake the Region ‘s Biggest Killer [ Online ] last accessed 2nd December 2009 at hypertext transfer protocol: //www.chime.plc.uk/press-releases/bmt-launches-east-lancashire-pct-campaign-could-it-be-you Department of Health ( DoH ) ( 2004 ) The National Service Framework for Coronary Heart Disease: Wining the War on Heart Disease [ Online ] last accessed 2nd December 2009 at hypertext transfer protocol: //www.dh.gov.uk/en/Publicationsandstatistics/Publications/PublicationsPolicyAndGuidance/DH_4077154 Department of Health ( DoH ) ( 2010 ) Public Health [ Online ] last accessed 2nd December 2009 at hypertext transfer protocol: //www.dh.gov.uk/en/Publichealth/index.htm Ewles L, Simnett I. ( 2003 ) . Promoting Health: A Practical Guide. London: Balliere Tindall. Ford, E. S. & A ; Capewell, S. ( 2007 ) Coronary Heart Disease Mortality Among Young Adults in the U.S. from 1980 Through 2002. Concealed Levelling of Mortality Rates Journal of the American College of Cardiology Vol. 50, pp. 2128-2132. Hill, S. Blakely, T. , Kawachi, I. , Woodward, A. ( 2004 ) Mortality Among â€Å" Never Smokers † Populating with Smokers: Two Cohort Studies British Medical Journal Vol. 328, No. 7446, pp. 988-989. Improvement and Development Agency ( I & A ; DeA ) ( 2007 ) Smoke-free Legislation [ Online ] last accessed 2nd December 2009 at hypertext transfer protocol: //www.idea.gov.uk/idk/core/page.do? pageId=6166044 Improvement and Development Agency ( I & A ; DeA ) ( 2009 ) Smoking [ Online ] last accessed 2nd December 2009 at hypertext transfer protocol: //www.idea.gov.uk/idk/core/page.do? pageId=5889940 Jiang, H.E. , Vupputuri, S. , Allen, K. , Prerost, M. R. , Hughes, J. , Whelton, P. K. ( 1999 ) Passive Smoking and the Hazard of Coronary Heart Disease – A Meta Analysis of Epidemiological Studies New England Journal of Medicine Vol. 340, No. 12, pp. 920-926. Kaur, S. , Cohen, A. , Dolor, R. , Coffman, C.J. , Bastian, L.A. ( 2004 ) The Impact of Environmental Tobacco Smoke on Women ‘s Hazard of Diing from Heart Disease: A Meta Analysis Journal of Women ‘s Health Vol. 13, No. 8, pp. 888-897. National Health Service ( NHS ) ( 2008 ) Rates of Heart Disease in the Young [ Online ] last accessed 2nd December 2009 at hypertext transfer protocol: //www.nhs.uk/news/2007/January08/Pages/Ratesofheartdiseaseintheyoung.asp National Health Service ( NHS ) ( 2009 ) Health A-Z: Coronary Heart Disease [ Online ] last accessed 2nd December 2009 at hypertext transfer protocol: //www.nhs.uk/conditions/Coronary-heart-disease/Pages/Introduction.aspx National Heart Forum ( 2006 ) Economic Cost of Heart Disease [ Online ] last accessed 2nd December 2009 at hypertext transfer protocol: //www.heartforum.org.uk/AboutCHD_Economicburden.aspx Nemetz, P. N. , Roger, V. L. , Ransom, J. E. , Bailer, K. R. , Edwards, W. D. , Leibson, C. L. ( 2008 ) Recent Trends in the Prevalence of Coronary Disease: A Population-Based Autopsy Study of Non-natural Deaths Archival of Internal Medicine Vol. 168, No. 3, pp. 264-270. NHS East Lancashire ( 2010 ) SMYL If you want to populate longer [ Online ] last accessed 2nd December 2009 at hypertext transfer protocol: //www.smyl.eastlancspct.nhs.uk/welcome/ NHS Networks ( 2010 ) East Lancashire Public Health Network [ Online ] last accessed 2nd December 2009 at hypertext transfer protocol: //www.networks.nhs.uk/networks.php? pid=727 Smoke Free ( 2007 ) Smoke-free Legislation Compliance Data [ Online ] last accessed 2nd December 2009 at hypertext transfer protocol: //www.smokefreeengland.co.uk/files/dhs01_03-smokefree_report_final.pdf Wells, A. J. ( 1999 ) Passive Smoking and Coronary Heart Disease New England Journal of Medicine Vol. 341, No. 9, pp.697-698. Whincup, P. H. , Gilg, J. A. , Emberson, J. R. , Jarvis, M. J. , Feyerabend, C. , Bryant, A. , Wakler, M. , Cook, D. G. ( 2004 ) Passive Smoking and Risk of Coronary Disease and Stroke: Prospective Study with Cotinine Measurement British Medical Journal Vol. 329, No. 7459, pp. 200-205. World Health Organisation ( WHO ) ( 2002 ) Global Burden of Disease in 2002: Data Beginnings, Methods and Results [ Online ] last accessed 2nd December 2009 at hypertext transfer protocol: //apps.who.int/infobase/compare.aspx? dm=10 & A ; countries=818 % 2c250 % 2c414 % 2c484 % 2c554 % 2c566 % 2c643 % 2c710 % 2c826 % 2c840 & A ; year=2002 & A ; sf1=mo.cg.059 & A ; sex=all World Health Organisation ( WHO ) ( 2004 ) Causes of Death ( portion 2 ) . The Global Burden of Disease: 2004 Update [ Online ] last accessed 2nd December 2009 at hypertext transfer protocol: //www.who.int/healthinfo/global_burden_disease/GBD_report_2004update_part2.pdf World Health Organisation ( WHO ) ( 2008 ) Tobacco Use: Infobase [ Online ] last accessed 2nd December 2009 at hypertext transfer protocol: //apps.who.int/infobase/report.aspx? rid=116 & A ; dm=8 World Health Organisation ( WHO ) ( 2010a ) Cardiovascular Diseases: Key messages to protect bosom wellness [ Online ] last accessed 2nd December 2009 at hypertext transfer protocol: //www.who.int/cardiovascular_diseases/en/ World Health Organisation ( WHO ) ( 2010b ) Research and Global Partnership Initiatives [ Online ] last accessed 2nd December 2009 at hypertext transfer protocol: //www.who.int/cardiovascular_diseases/research/en/ World Health Organisation ( WHO ) ( 2010c ) Regional Activities to the Global CVD Strategy [ Online ] last accessed 2nd December 2009 at hypertext transfer protocol: //www.who.int/cardiovascular_diseases/region/en/ World Health Organisation ( WHO ) ( 2010d ) Global Information System on Tobacco Control [ Online ] last accessed 2nd December 2009 at hypertext transfer protocol: //www.who.int/tobacco/global_data/en/index.html World Health Organisation ( WHO ) ( 2010e ) Global Network [ Online ] last accessed 2nd December 2009 at hypertext transfer protocol: //www.who.int/tobacco/global_interaction/en/