Paragraph 8 Of Constitution And Its Effect On The Economy

The Article 1, section 8 of Constitution has highly increased the power of congress. Though the clause 1, the first power given to congress by the Constitution is the power to tax, and Congress also has the power to levy tariffs but it’s not allowed to charge more for imports into one state than into another. Then congress control the nation’s Finance and it’s make it has enough power to effect the politic. In the clause 2, congress are able to borrow money on the credit of the United State. It’s does offer any politic power to use, but its help the congress expansion the resource they can used. In the clause 3, congress has the power to impose regulations on interstate and international business, this clause given congress the power to manage the economic and business between the states and foreign Nations. This is a pretty trick clause, because this clause is too powerful to effect so many things, the judges used to understand this clause narrowly. Since 1930s, under the effluence of new deals, the Article 1, section 8, clause 3 allowing the government to regulate all kinds of economic activity, like setting a national minimum wage or setting the limit working hours in factory. Under the clause 4, the congress have the power to decide the rule of immigrant to citizen, and in other hand, congress have the power to setting rule for hopelessly indebted people and businesses to declare bankruptcy. Clause 5 is another important clause which expansion the power of congress toShow MoreRelatedGeopolitical Factors Between Nato And Russia Essay1222 Words   |  5 Pagesfollowing paragraphs, these contradicting views will be closely analyzed in order to help get a sense for how interdependence between major powers will have an effect on potential future conflict. Lastly, Russia and NATO have very conflicting views when it comes to international laws and how they ought to be abided by and enforced. 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Descartes Skeptical Argument And Reponses By Bouwsma And...

Descartes Skeptical Argument and Reponses by Bouwsma and Malcolm In this essay, I will examine Rene Descartes skeptical argument and responses by O.K. Bouwsma and Norman Malcolm. I intend to prove that while both Bouwsma and Malcolm make points that refute specific parts of Descartes argument in their criticisms, neither is sufficient in itself to refute the whole. In order to understand Descartes argument and its sometimes radical ideas, one must have at least a general idea of his motives in undertaking the argument. The seventeenth century was a time of great scientific progress, and the blossoming scientific community was concerned with setting up a consistent standard to define what constituted science. Their science was based†¦show more content†¦More significantly, Descartes implies that all consciousness could actually be a dream state, thus proving that the senses can be doubted. The dream argument has its intrinsic problems, however. One, is that images in dreams can be described as quot;painted imagesquot;.2 In other words, a dream image is only a portrait of a real-life object, place or person. If we are dreaming then it is implied that at some point we were conscious and able to perceive these things. If we are able to perceive these things then we must admit that we have senses and that our senses are, at least in part, true. This was exactly what Descartes was trying to disprove, and it was one reason he abandoned the dream argument. The second problem with this argument is that it points to mathematics as a point of certainty. I believe Descartes best explained this in his own words: quot;[W]hether I be awake or asleep, two plus three equals five and a square does not have more than four sides: nor does it seem possible that such obvious truths can fall under the suspicions of falsity.quot;3 Even when we are dreaming, the laws of mathematics and geometry hold true, but they can not be Descartes point of certainty for a simple reason; these abilities that Descartes believed were innate still had to come from somewhere. If they are in our heads when we are born, someone had to put them there. Descartes question is who, and he comes up with

Strategic Analysis of Nike free essay sample

Post Graduate Diploma in Management Contemporary Strategic Management Assignment Criteria Sheet Student Name: Centre Name: Assignment Brief: ICM Student Number: ICM Centre Number: In no more than 4,000 words provide a formal Strategic Management report to your manager addressing the assignment brief. 1. Learning Outcomes: 2. 3. 4. Critically evaluate and apply strategic management concepts, tools and techniques Apply independent learning and research to strategic problem definition and resolution Critically evaluate alternative theories and approaches to strategic business problems Identify and critically appraise alternative strategies and their implementation Grade B – Credit 60% to 69% Grade D – Marginal Pass 40% 49% Examiner: Marks: Final Grade: JC /100 Grade A – Distinction 70% and above Marking Scheme: Grade C – Pass 50% to 59% Grade F – Fail 39% and under Please find below a table that indicates the relevant marks available for each section of your assignment. The maximum marks awarded are shown in brackets ( ). Section One: Strategic Analysis of the chosen company (2,500 word guide) ? Relevant use of several analytical techniques from

Learning and Personal Development Plan Essay Example

Learning and Personal Development Plan Essay Assessment 1: Developing Yourself as an Effective HR/LD Practitioner Core Unit for CHRP and CLDP Learning outcomes: 1. Understand the knowledge, skills and behaviours required to be an effective HR or LD practitioner. 2. Know how to deliver timely and effective HR services to meet users’ needs. 3. Be able to reflect on own practice and development needs and maintain a plan for personal development. All activities below should be undertaken: Activity A – 600 Words Write a short report on: . the concept and importance of Continuous Professional Development (CPD), 2. the knowledge, skills and behaviour required to be effective in an HR or LD role as per the CIPD HR Map. In your report you should present the CIPDs HR Profession Map, discussing: 1. at least 3 professional areas, two of which must be Strategies, Insights and Solutions and Leading, and Managing the Human Resources function and 2. all eight behaviours. Activity B – 900 Words Write a report that: 1. Identifies at least 3 users of HR services within an organisation and for each user list at least 2 key needs and explain how conflicting needs can be prioritised effectively. 2. Identify at least 3 methods of communication appropriate to employees at different levels 3. Describes the key components of effective service delivery including: a. building and maintaining good relationships, b. handling and resolving complaints, c. dealing with difficult customers, d. timely service delivery, e. budget implications and f. continuous improvement Activity C – PERSONAL DEVELOPMENT PLAN (Final assessment) No Word Limit At the beginning of the course you are required to undertake a self-assessment of capabilities as an HR or LD practitioner against the CIPD Associate Membership requirements to: 1. Identify your professional development needs. 2. Evaluate at least 3 options to meet the development needs identified, 3. Produce a Personal Development Plan to meet set objectives, At the end of the course you will be required to: 1. Reflect on performance against the plan, 2. We will write a custom essay sample on Learning and Personal Development Plan specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Learning and Personal Development Plan specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Learning and Personal Development Plan specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer Identify learning points for the future and, 3. Revise the plan by reviewing what you have learnt from each unit against the plan and adjusting development needs accordingly. Please note: You will need to submit a draft of Activity C to be marked at the beginning of the course. The deadline for this is the same as the one set for Activity A and Activity B. Furthermore, at the end of the course you will receive a second deadline in order to submit your final version of Activity C. Please discuss this with your tutor if you have any questions.

The Significance of the Relationship Between Eddie and Beatrice Essays

The Significance of the Relationship Between Eddie and Beatrice Essays The Significance of the Relationship Between Eddie and Beatrice Essay The Significance of the Relationship Between Eddie and Beatrice Essay The next crucial point is when Eddie implies that Rodolpho is gay. Rodolpho and Marco go to work on the piers, and whilst working Rodolpho sings. Rodolpho sings the first night he is with the Carbones and Eddie is quick to tell him to stop, saying he will get picked up. After this, he has a campaign solidified in him and Eddie believes Rodolpho is gay. Rodolphos qualities- singing, cooking and dress making, are seen as signs of weakness by Eddie and this campaign sees Eddie start to believe that Rodolpho is only after Catherine so he can get legal papers into the USA. At one point, Eddie goes to see Alfieri- lawyer and narrator in the play, to see if there is any law against what he thinks Rodolpho is doing. Alfieri is the first person to tell Eddie what is implied throughout the play- that he has more than a fatherly love for Catherine. ALFIERI: She wants to get married, Eddie. She cant marry you, can she? EDDIE [Furiously]: Whatre you talking about, marry me! I dont know what the hell youre talking about! Eddies desperation for something to change what is inevitable is ominous. Beatrice and Eddie have grown apart throughout this whole episode, because Beatrice is perfectly happy to let Catherine grow up and gain independence, whereas Eddie is determined to come between Catherine and Rodolpho. As the play develops into Act 2, there is a turning point in Catherines life- she loses her virginity. Then follow a series of events that lead up to the climax of the play. Eddie catches Rodolpho and Catherine, and throws the cousins out. The cousins then move upstairs to a vacant apartment with two other submarines after talking to Alfieri, Eddie phones immigration and turns Marco and Rodolpho in. Eddie and Beatrice talk about Catherine and the whole situation, and this is when Eddie says I want my respect! he feels that Beatrice has not been the wife to him she should have been, and has not supported him in his choices. He wants her to support him, and feels she is not doing that. This conversation signifies the sway the pair have grown apart. At the beginning of the play Beatrice stood by Eddie, but as the play has developed she hasnt backed him up as much as he would have liked. However, Beatrice feels she has not changed, and it is Eddie who has made things different. Eddies love for Catherine has driven them apart because he has been too consumed in splitting Rodolpho and Catherine up to worry about Beatrice. He feels he is being victimized and is not treated the way he should be- Its a shooting gallery in here and Im the pigeon. The climax of the play is the fight between Marco and Eddie, which results in Eddie being stabbed. This event occurs because immigration come and take Marco, Rodolpho and the two submarines away, and Marco realizes that it is Eddie who has snitched on them. The realization hits Catherine and Beatrice, and Catherine turns against Eddie. Marco spits in Eddies face, a significant event that shows Marcos hatred for Eddie. It is this event that enrages Eddie and makes him determined to seek revenge- Marco spitting in his face and accusing him has turned everyone against and he has lost his name. Marco and Rodolpho are released until their trial, and Catherine and Rodolpho press ahead with their wedding plans in order for Rodolpho to gain legal access to stay in America. Marco comes after Eddie as revenge for turning them in and `killing his children` and Eddie is ready for a fight to regain his `name. ` This fight results in Eddie being stabbed and dying in Beatrices arms. Eddies last line My B.! indicates his love for Beatrice, although he feels he has been wronged by all of the protagonists and was, in fact, in the right throughout the play. Eddie has deluded himself throughout the play, and this delusional behaviour continues to his very end. He still believes he was in the right throughout, and will not compromise this view for anyone, not even Beatrice- his wife.

Get The Ultimate Social Media Automation Tool (Coming Soon)

Get The Ultimate Social Media Automation Tool (Coming Soon) What if you could have a robot that automatically re-shared your most popular social media messages every time it found a gap in your social sharing schedule- 365 days per year, 24 hours a day? Pretty cool, right? Well, today we’re letting the ‘robot’ out of the bag- we’re building a Social Media Automation tool for that will do just that. What if you could have a robot automatically share your most popular #socialmedia messages? Of course, is already the best tool in the world for planning, creating, and publishing your content and social media, but we want to add another time-saving solution to your perfect content marketing workflow. Cue, automation! When we started building , we knew that too many publishers were creating great content, but not promoting it enough via their social marketing channels. We called it the â€Å"one-and-done social media plan†. Think about when you publish a new blog post for a minute- how many social media posts do you schedule and share when your content goes live? Do you ever go back to re-promote your hard created content? If not, it’s a missed opportunity for traffic and ROI. Social automation will make sure that never happens again. The automation feature will allow you to reuse all of the #socialmedia messages!The automation feature that we’re working on will allow you to reuse all of the social media messages created in your social queue- for as along as youd like. In a nutshell, we’ll automatically re-share and re-promote your best social messages whenever we find gaps in your schedule. Well make sure your social presence stays consistent, and that your social profiles get the engagement they deserve. Recommended Reading: 8 Social Media Best Practices That Will Save You 25.5 Hours In A 2-Week Sprint How Your Social Automation Tool Will Work: Fill your social queue with social media messages that you want to send- just like you do now. Turn on automation! We’ll automatically re-share those messages when we see gaps in your future social sharing schedule. Specify how long you would like your messages to be re-used and how heavily you would like your content promoted. Don’t worry, you will always have full control over your sharing frequency. (No spam!) Sit back and let us share your content for you! Well pick your best content and the best times to publish so that your automated messages get the most engagement for your time. It’s literally going to be as set-it-and-forget-it as social media gets. Sit back and let us share your content for you! #blogging #socialmediaA few of the things it will do: Social automation will allow you to re-use your best social media messages so they don’t go to waste. Social automation will help you promote your best evergreen content more than once to drive traffic and content engagement. Social automation will make sure you get ROI for every message you create by using it more than once. Social automation will help you run your entire marketing workflow in one handy tool. What could be better? It’s also important to note that we’re designing social media automation to do more than just re-promote your content. You will also be able to create stand-alone social media messages and campaigns that can be included on your automation calendar. It’s going to be non-stop social media awesomeness, and it’s coming soon. Of course, we have a lot of work to do and we may need your help! For regular feature updates, opportunities to provide feedback, and details on our timeline to launch, please join this ‘super-special’ email listto stay in the loop. We plan to post regular updates along the way. Recommended Reading: How To Improve Your Social Media Management In 30 Days

Medical Report Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Medical Report - Essay Example The cause of chronic pancreatitis includes cystic fibrosis, Hypercalcemia, hyperlipidemia or hypertriglyceridemia. Pancreas divisum which is a congenital anomaly is considered to cause pancreatitis. However, explanation as to how is not yet known. Signs and Symptoms for acute pancreatitis, present fever, nausea, and vomiting. On physical examination, abdominal pain and tenderness is evident. Symptoms of chronic pancreatitis may involve upper abdominal pain, indigestion, oily smelly stool, and weight loss. Diabetes may also develop thus insulin is given. On physical examination, the patient’s abdomen shows distension. Jaundice and dyspnea is also observed thus a stethoscope is used to assess irritation of the diaphragm. If palpation of the abdomen shows pain and a feeling of bloating, it suggests pancreatic pseudocyst which could be further confirmed with a CT scan. Laboratory tests to confirm diagnosis may include serum amylase and lipase. Techniques like therapeutic endoscopi c retrograde cholangiopancreatography( ERCP) and endoscopy are done to view organs involved. Prognosis is good if the cause is eliminated. However, for patients with complicated conditions can recover under intensive care. References P G Lankisch, P., Droge, M., & Gottesleben. F., (1995). Drug induced acute pancreatitis: incidence and severity, Gut. 37:565-567 Oreily, D.A., & Kingsnorth, A.N., (2001).

Influence of culture and religion on the development of science Essay

Influence of culture and religion on the development of science - Essay Example Although we are often willing to acknowledge our debt to the ancient Greeks for giving us the basics of modern science, we are less likely to even be aware of our debt to Islam for preserving and building upon the knowledge the Greeks had developed. Far from working to suppress the development of science, it was the religion and general culture of the ancient Greeks and Muslims that helped shape the development of modern science. The religion of the ancient Greeks had a significant impact upon their view of how society should operate. With a Pantheon of Gods on high, each having his or her own specialty, participating in regular meetings to discuss what’s right and wrong with the world, it was not unusual for the Greeks to have a more diplomatic democratic society. They considered their gods to be very much like themselves but with greater powers to control the elements around them. It was important to keep them happy if one wanted good weather for productive crops or healthy livestock and a plague in the land could be an indication of a god unhappy with a particular ruler or policy. The people took their clues about what was necessary to keep the gods happy from the stories and legends that were told about them. When that wasn’t sufficient, they made it a habit to consult an oracle (Martin, 2006). This questioning of the mysteries eventually led to greater efforts to foretell the future and to guess the will of the gods. This required careful observations, study and training which eventually led to the development of scientific thought. By the end of the Greek period, many significant achievements had been made in science and philosophy. Greek thinkers had gained a view of a universe in which the world was round and participated in an intricate dance through the heavens with other bodies named after the gods they revered. Sophistication in mathematics led to the development of geometry which enabled the ancient Greeks to

The Soft Drink Industry Essay Example for Free

The Soft Drink Industry Essay Indiana University-South Bend he average U.S. consumer drinks more soft drinks per capita (2.3 eight ounce servings a day) than any other beverage, including milk. Table 1 shows the per capita consumption of various beverages in the U.S. for 1991-1995. In terms of 1995 retail sales, soft drinks in the U.S. are a $52 billion dollar industry (Standard Poors Corp., 96:11). The U.S. market growth for soft drinks, however, has slowed to single digits since the end of 1980s (Sawinski, 95:550). Fifty-four percent of the worlds soft drink volume is sold outside North America, and in 1995, the per capita consumption of soft drinks in continental markets outside North America ranged from a low of 2.02 gallons in Africa to a high of 13.86 gallons in South America. INDUSTRY PRODUCTS AND VALUE CHAIN The industry, once synonymous with the Cola, has now grown into one with a wide range of products. Additional flavors such as orange, cherry, lime, lemon, pepper, and ginger ales have appeared in the market, and caffeine-free and diet versions of almost all of the industrys products have been introduced. In 1996, Cola brands occupied the top two marketshare positions in the U.S., while non-cola brands such as Mountain Dew, Sprite, and 7UP were also among the top ten best-selling soft drinks. Also, in 1996, sales volume for the top two Colas, Coca-Cola Classic and Pepsi-Cola, grew 3.2% and 3% respectively, while sales volume for Mountain Dew and Sprite grew 5.7% and 17.6% respectively. Table 2 shows the list of 10 best selling soft drinks in the U.S. market. Soft drinks are made by mixing syrup (which is made from raw materials such as sugar, sweeteners, and flavoring additives) with carbonated water. While some of the soft drinks are sold at fountains, others are packaged in bottles or cans. A large portion of the soft drink industrys sales is in the packaged form (Sawinski, 95:549 estimates that 75% of all soft drinks sold in the U.S. were in the packaged form). Coca-Cola Co. and PepsiCo have historically maintained control over bottling and distribution through part or full ownership of some of their bottling plants. Cadbury Schweppes, on the other hand, has chosen to outsource its bottling function in the U.S. market. Cadbury Schweppes relies on independent bottlers and the bottling operations owned by Coca-Cola Co. and PepsiCo to bottle its products. Recently, Coca-Cola Co. and PepsiCo decided to drop some of Cadburys brands from their bottling operations to make room for their own brands. As a result,  Cadbury estimates that it has lost about 20 million cases in sales (Theodore, 97a:40). In another recent event, PepsiCo lost a significant part of its Latin American business when its Venezuelan bottler defected to Coca-Cola Co. (Sellers, 96:74-78). Bottling operations and syrup production differ in their capital intensity and profitability. For example, in 1995, Coca-Cola Enterprisesa company engaged primarily in bottling and distributionhad revenues of $0.75 for every dollar invested in assets, while Coca-Cola Co., which is primarily engaged in syrup production, enjoyed revenues of $1.25 for every dollar invested in assets. Also, while Coca-Cola Co. earned a 17% return on sales in 1995, an average company engaged primarily in bottling and distribution of soft drinks would earn between 2 to 5% (Standard Poors Corp., 96:22). INDUSTRY STRUCTURE Industry Players and Competition The U.S. and global soft drink industries are quite concentrated. Long dominated by two companies, Coca-Cola Co. and PepsiCo, the industry saw the emergence of a third significant player when Cadbury Schweppes acquired the Dr. Pepper and 7UP brands in 1995. Table 3 shows that the top three firms accounted for 90% of the U.S. soft drink market in 1996, and Table 4 shows that the same three firms controlled 77% of the world soft drink market in 1995. Appendix 1 provides a list of product lines and their performance for each of the three firms, and Appendix 2 provides selected financial data for the three companies. Soft drink sales volume in the U.S. has grown at an average annual rate of 3.28% over the last five years, reaching 14,199.5 million gallons in 1996. Soft drink sales outside North America represented 54% of the world sales volume in 1995 and have grown at an average annual rate of 6.52% between 1990 and 1995. Table 5 shows worldwide soft drink sales volume by continent, and Table 6 shows worldwide per capita soft drink consumption by continent. New Entry Into the Industry The production technologies required for manufacturing soft drinks is widely available for potential entrants. Competing on a national or global scale, however, requires the ability to manufacture and distribute a well-recognized brand. Soft drinks are among the most advertised products, and soft drink commercials are a regular feature in most high-profile advertising events. In 1996, for example, Coca-Cola Co. had an unprecedented one hundred commercial spots during the Summer Olympics, and PepsiCo had a  number of commercials during the super-bowl. Coca-Cola Co., PepsiCo, and Cadbury Schweppes spent a total of $469.1 million on media advertising in the U.S. market between January and September 1996, up from the $370.7 million spent during the corresponding period in 1995 (Beverage Industry, 3/97: 40-41). Channels of Distribution As mentioned earlier, there are two main channel categories in this industrypackaged product channels and fountain channels. The packaged product channels include supermarkets, mass merchandisers, drug stores, and vending machines. Fountain channels include fast-food restaurants, sports arenas, convenience stores, and gas stations. While supermarkets are, at present, the largest channel in the U.S., the fountain channel has been growing fast. According to Bill Perely, Senior Vice President/General Manager of fountain/foodservice for Dr. Pepper/7UP, fountain sales in the U.S. grew at an average annual rate of about 5% in the last five years, while overall soft drink sales in the U.S. grew at an average annual rate of about 3% during the same period (Sfiligoj, 97:54). Bill Perely attributes the growth in fountain sales to the increased popularity of fast foodsin particular the carry-out segment of fast foods. Soft drink companies have stepped up their efforts to capture a larger share of the fountain business by introducing more of their brands at the fountain, by aggressively competing for service contracts with high-profile customers, and by working with fountain outlets on joint promotion and dispensing technologies. Jeff Dunn, Vice President of field sales and marketing at Coca-Cola Co., notes that fountain customers are becoming increasingly brand conscious. He says, For years, consumers have basically asked for a generic kind of soft drink from the fountain dispenser at the restaurant they were in, but thats changing. Now consumers actually ask for a soft drink by its namelike Sprite instead of 7UP, for instanceand wont substitute one for the other (Sfiligoj, 97:60). To fountain outlets like fast-food restaurants or convenience stores, increased brand consciousness means that they can attract more customers by carrying many  soft drink brands instead of just a few. Signs of fountain outlets seeking to diversify the brands that they carry emerged in early 1996 when Circle K corporation took Coca-Cola Co. to court seeking to terminate its fountain contract which precluded Circle K from selling other company brands at its fountains (Sfiligoj, 97:56). Circle K prevailed in its efforts, and its stores now have a range of non-Coke brands along with Cokes products. It remains to be seen if Circle Ks court battle signals a new era in the fountain business, one where fast-food restaurants and other fountain outlets no longer carry the brands of just one soft drink company. In international markets, soft drink companies face a number of distribution challenges. In many of the emerging country markets such as India, China, and Indonesia, for example, poor road conditions and other infrastructure problems render efficient distribution by trucks very difficult. Physical distribution in these markets often involves using an army of people on tricycles and bicycles to haul the products through narrow and winding streets. At the retail end, problems include lack of refrigerators in retail outlets and even lack of power lines in some places. Overcoming these distribution problems has required and may continue to require sizable investments in infrastructure development and giving away or loaning coolers. Supplies Supplies for soft drinks include various ingredients used in the production of soft drinks and packaging materials used for the finished product. Soft drink production involves mixing a number of ingredients including water, preservatives, sugar/sweeteners, flavors, coloring agents, and carbon dioxide. Appendix 3 provides an example of a soft drink production batch sheet. Table 7 shows the worldwide soft drink ingredients consumption for 1996 and consumption estimates for 2001. Bulk sweetener refers to sugar manufactured from agricultural produce such as cane and beat. According to the economic research unit of the U.S. department of agriculture, the world spot price for sugar has been trending down and averaged 12.10 cents a pound in the  last quarter of 1995. Looking ahead, the economic research unit forecasts the world sugar production for 1996/97 (October 1996 to September 1997) at 125.1 million metric tons and the global consumption of sugar for the same period at 123.0 million metric tons (Beverage Industry, 5/97:43). High-intensity sweeteners, in contrast to sugar, are compounds that result from extensive research and development by food product companies. These sweeteners are subject to very close scrutiny by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration before being approved for use in soft drinks and other food products. Currently used primarily in low-calorie and sugar-free beverages, the consumption of these high-intensity sweeteners remains low. A beverage industry report points out that the consumption of high intensity sweeteners in soft drinks is expected to rise as more companies producing these products gain FDA approval. In the 1960s, aluminum cans began to make inroads into the beverage container business. Working diligently to capture a larger share of the container market, aluminum can companies had reduced the cost of using their products by minimizing the aluminum content in cans and by helping their customers develop equipment to produce cans at machine-gun speed and fill them at very high rates (2,000 cans per minute). These innovations enabled aluminum can makers to capture just over a quarter of the soft drink container market by 1985. In the last few years, however, aluminum can companies have faced intense competition from plastic bottle makers. As soft drink companies began to realize that customers valued the way a product looked and felt, and were willing to pay more to get these attributes, they increased their utilization of the more profitable single serve plastic bottles. Brian W. Sturgell, Executive Vice President of the aluminum can maker Alcan, observes that the soft drink companies sell 20 ounces [in plastic bottles] for a buck, while you can buy a 12-pack of cans for $2.39 . . . Its an amazing profitability gap (Baker Harris, 97:108). In wake of these developments, aluminum can makers are attempting to stay competitive and grow their market shares by rethinking their plain looking cans. They are experimenting with new shapes, new feel, and reclosable lids for their cans. Redesigning the cans along these lines will not be easy, however, because the can makers have to invest in research and development to overcome the technical  challenges involved, even as competition forces them to hold or lower their prices. See Table 8 for soft drink container marketshares. Table 8 Soft Drink Container Market Shares (%) (Gallons of Soft Substitute Products Health and fitness concerns, as well as an increasing appetite for something new and different, have resulted in a flurry of alternative beverage product introductions in the U.S. market. For example, 3524 new products were introduced in 1996 compared to 1540 new products introduced in 1986 (Beverage Industry, 3/97:53). The range of new products introduced include cold coffees, caffeinated and flavored water, carbonated flavored milk, fruit and vegetable juice blends, caffeinated orange juice, micro-brewed root beer, and alternative lifestyle products such as anise-based drinks blended with vanilla and other extracts and cinnamon-based beverages flavored with garlic and cayenne pepper. Table 9 shows the sales volume for new beverages between 1990 and 1996, and Table 10 compares the sales of new beverages with soft drink sales. Although some soft drink companies have their own alternative beverage operations, the rapid growth of alternative beverages brings forth many new companiesinc luding Starbucks, Campbell Soups, Tropicana, and Quaker Oatsthat soft drink makers need to contend with. TRENDS General Economy The annual GDP growth in the U.S. averaged 2.32% between 1991 and 1995. During the same 1991-95 period, inflation in the U.S., measured by the consumer price index, averaged 3.19%, and the lending interest rate charged by U.S. banks on loans to prime customers averaged 7.34%. Table 13 summarizes these numbers and also provides corresponding numbers for two earlier five-year periods. Table 14 provides key economic indicators for twenty other countries of the world. Technology Advances in technology have improved all aspects of the soft drink industry. For example, advances in additives such as sugarless sweeteners, caffeine free products, and new flavorings have enabled the industry to provide products that meet changing customer tastes and preferences. Computerized manufacturing technologies have contributed to higher efficiency and quality in bottling operations. Computerized systems can now be used to measure key aspects of beverage production such as syrup usage, Brix count (per cent sugar), and beverage carbonation (Sawinski, 1995:552-553). Advances in logistics and information technology are helping companies enjoy better inventory control, faster truck check-in and check-out, better stock rotation at the warehouse, and eliminate truckload errors (Sawinski, 1995:552-553). Technological advances have also helped the sales end of the business. The so-called smart vending machines use electronic components to track sales patterns, stocks, and equipment breakdowns. When equipped with wireless  communications software, these machines can also automatically reorder stock, eliminating the need for manual stock checks. Faster fountain dispensers are also being developed to better serve customers on the go. Another innovation that could revolutionize the business is the self-chilling can developed by The Joseph Company (Dawson, 97:74-78). The technology for this product involves mounting a small aerosol can filled with pressurized liquid refrigerant upside down in a 500-ml beverage can, leaving room for 330 ml of beverage. The aerosol valve head and the activator button is located at the bottom of the can. When the activator button is pushed, the liquid refrigerant draws heat from the warm beverage and escapes out as gas through the valve in the cans base. In the process, the temperature of the beverage drops by 30 °F in 120 seconds. This product would eliminate the need for refrigeration and is slated for commercial introduction in the last quarter of 1997. Initially targeted to the high-convenience sector of the U.S. market, the self-chilling can could eventually help soft drink companies overcome refrigeration problems faced in emerging country markets. Political Many countries that were once inaccessible to foreign companies are opening up their markets. Countries that have opened their markets in recent times include China, India, and Indonesia, which together account for nearly half of the worlds population. These countries also have among the lowest per capita soft drink consumption levels in the world. While the mere opening of these markets does not assure success for multinational soft drink companies, they do provide an opportunity previously unavailable to them. Success in such new markets will depend on learning to operate in dissimilar cultures, managing political and currency risks, and overcoming infrastructural problems. Regulative Environment The soft drink industry is subject to a range of government regulations. In particular, regulations in two areas are noteworthy. First, as a food  product, soft drinks come under the purview of the Food and Drug Administration in the U.S. and corresponding regulative bodies overseas. The FDA, for example, tests and certifies new ingredients such as high-intensity sweeteners before they are allowed to be used in soft drink production. The second area of regulation that is of particular interest to the soft drink industry relates to the natural environment. The impact of soft drink packaging materials on the natural environment has been one of the most important issues in this respect. In the U.S., in response to public concerns, there has been a series of legislative activity at both the federal and state levels (Beverage World DataBank, 1997:213-226). While individual proposals may differ in some respects, most federal legislative proposals address one or more of the following objectives: (1) Minimize the quantity of packaging material entering the nations solid waste system; (2) minimize the consumption of scarce natural resources; (3) maximize the recycling and reuse of packaging materials; and (4) protect human health and the natural environment from adverse effects associated with the disposal of packaging materials. In addition to the federal efforts in this regard, many states have adopted laws to govern packaging materials. Fifty-one states enforce laws dealing with litter control and prevention and administer recycling and public awareness programs. Nine states have adopted deposit laws for beverage containers, and twenty-seven states place restrictions on multi-pack carrier materials. The multi-pack carrier restrictions require that the plastic ring carriers be made of degradable material that decomposes when discarded. Also, thirty-eight states have laws that regulate the sale of beverage containers with detachable metal pull tabs. In most of these thirty-eight states, it is unlawful to sell a beverage in a container designed with a detachable metal opening device. In a demonstration of social responsibility, the major players in the soft drink industry and the national soft drink association have joined the Environmental Protection Agencys voluntary program WasteWi$e (Beverage Industry, 9/97:39-41). The program requires members to commit to implementing/expanding their waste reduction programs in three areaswaste  prevention, recycling, and purchasing or manufacturing recycled products. A charter member of the program, Coca-Cola Co. recycled more than 1.2 million pounds of corrugated paper and other recyclables in 1995. Coca-Cola Co. also purchased $2 million in recycled content materials. PepsiCo has made modifications to its soda cans and the containers that transport them. For example, PepsiCo has replaced single-use corrugated transport containers with reusable plastic cases for its 1-liter and 20 ounce packages, eliminating 196 million pounds of corrugated material in the process.

Alan Turing :: essays research papers

Biography: Alan Mathison Turing   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Alan Mathison Turing was surrounded by enigma, not only did he break many cryptic codes but he also lived a mysterious life. Turing was born on June 23, 1912 in Paddington, London to Julius Mathison and Ethel Sara Turing. Turing’s father, Julius, was an officer in the British administration in India when he decided that his son would be raised in England.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Turing had an older brother named John, who also had a childhood determined by the demands of the class and the exile in India of his parents. Alan and his older brother lived among various English foster homes while they were children until 1926, when their father retired from India. While raised in foster homes, Alan was not encouraged nor shown any support, yet through his own curiosity and imagination he found a deep underlying passion for science, primarily in chemistry experiments. Later he went on to other areas of science.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Alan became more and more enthralled with science, and his mother worried that he would not be accepted to Sherbourne, an English public school, because he was so much of a scientific specialist. But in 1926, Alan was granted admittance to the public school. However, after a short while the Headmaster reported to his mother that if Alan was solely a scientific specialist, that he was wasting his time. Many other teachers also felt the same was as the Headmaster.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  In 1928, Turing became interested in relativity, and it was at this time that Alan met Christopher Morcom, and everything changed for him. And it was Morcom’s death that prompted Turing to get further involved and motivated to do what Morcom could not. Turing questioned how the human mind was embodied in matter, and whether this matter was released after death. This led him to study twentieth century physics where Alan began to question whether quantum mechanical theory affected the state and his questions of mind and matter.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  In 1931, Turing won an entrance to King’s college in Cambridge on scholarship. It was here that Turing was able to express his ideas freely. In 1932 Turing read Con Neumann’s work on the logical foundations of Quantum Mechanics. It was also here at Cambridge that Turing’s homosexuality became a big part of his identity. Turing went on to receive his degree in 1934 followed by a M.A. degree from King’s college in 1935, and a Smith prize in 1936 for his work on probability theory.

Outline for Araby and Hills Essay

Six elements of fiction :plot, character, setting, point of view, voice and style, and theme. â€Å"The theme of a story abstracts its meaning from the concrete details of its plot, point of view, characterization, setting, and style† â€Å"Theme is a generalization about the meaning of a story. It is more than the subject of the story†¦ [and] is also different from the plot. †¦Theme comes last in a discussion of the elements of fiction because it is the consequence of all the other elements in a story. The structure and theme of a story are fused like the body and soul of a reader†¦. Though the summary of a writer’s theme is no substitute for the story in its entirety, your attempt to state it can help you to understand the story better† Compare and contrast two of the four short stories listed below. Begin your discussion of each story by stating what you think its theme is, and then describe how the other five elements identified by your editors contribute to articulating the theme. Use as many of the other five elements as you think are relevant in contributing to the theme; some elements will be more important than others, and one or two may not be relevant, depending upon your choice of stories. For example, point of view may be ‘neutral’ or non-judgmental, and voice (of the narrator/author) or style may also not be particularly relevant. Do not simply recite how each element, by itself, is present in the story. Your discussion of the elements should be integrated and you don’t necessarily have to identify the elements by name—e.g., you can refer to what happens in a story without calling it the plot or summarizing the plot, and you can refer to a character’s trait or personality without constructing a full profile of the character. The same can be said for point of view, especially where it is in the third person and not omniscient. Conclude your essay by drawing whatever parallels or contrasts you see between the two stories you have chosen. You should prepare by making an outline of the points you wish to make regarding the way each element contributes to a short story and then work from that outline. Be careful not to distort or overemphasize either story’s theme or any of its individual elements for the sake of drawing parallels or emphasizing differences between the two stories. Before ou finalize your essay, write a topic sentence outline of it and attach the outline to the paper. Your essay should be at least three pages, but only so long as is necessary to say what you have to say. Stories: William Faulkner, â€Å"A Rose for Emily,† pp. 146-52. Ernest Hemingway, â€Å"Hills Like White Elephants,† pp. 224-27. James Joyce, â€Å"Araby,† pp. 264-68. John Steinbeck, â€Å"The Chrysanthemums,† pp. 507-27.

Importance of Agriculture Informative Speech Essay

Imagine a world without food. Without restaurants, grocery stores, or convenience stores. Imagine children lying in the middle of the streets because they’ve gone days, even weeks without eating anything. Imagine waking up every morning and going out to scavenge for food, because it isn’t available anywhere commercially. Imagine living without your morning coffee or your after school snack. I’d bet this is very hard for you to imagine. Almost everything that we eat or consume is all thanks to agriculture. First, we will set the table and look at the history of agriculture. Then we will dig in to the importance of agriculture. Finally, we will clean our plates and look towards agriculture’s future. We will start by setting the table and looking back at the history of agriculture. The development of the domestication of plants and animals actually began over 10,000 years ago, believe it or not. It is thought that agriculture first began during a time when there were shortages of plants and large game that would normally be found in the wild. To make up for these shortages, people began to plants crops to supply them with the food that they needed. Some people also theorize that agricultural production was driven by figures of great power, who would throw feasts to show their dominance over others. Also, as population density grew higher, so did the production of food to supply the population. The Middles Ages was a time of great agricultural improvement for Europe. Draft horses were bred to work plows and do other types of work. The scythe and plow were invented in Europe, as well as the development of crop rotation. Because of Europe’s higher population density, there was lots of extensive farming to supply the people with food. India brought the domestication of crops such as barley and wheat, as well as beginning to raise livestock such as sheep and goats. In South America, the major crop was the potato, but many types of beans were developed as well. South America also began the trend of llamas and alpacas used as livestock. The natives of early eastern North America also were known for growing many crops, such as sunflowers, tobacco, and some varieties of squash. The introduction of machinery during the industrial revolution brought with it the tractor, the combine, and many other types of farming machinery. These new tools allowed farmers to produce and harvest crops at a rate previously thought impossible. The development of railroads and other types of long distance travel have also aided the agricultural revolution in its massive growth. Now that we have looked back at the history of agriculture, we will now examine the role agriculture plays in our society, and its importance. What do you think of when you picture agriculture? Do you imagine a farmer in denim coveralls holding a pitchfork, or an old guy in a tractor going through fields? This misconception of agriculture has greatly affected its reputation in today’s society. The FFA creed begins with the words â€Å"I believe in the future of farming with a faith born of not words but deeds. † Agriculture is important because our farmers actually get things done. Agriculture is one of the oldest activities known to humankind. Without today’s farmers, we wouldn’t have food. Without agriculture, we would all be forced to scavenge for food, rather than buying it from the grocery store. But even more than food, agriculture also provides us with clothing and shelter. Wool is spun for sweaters, trees are chopped down for lumber, plants are made into medicines. Fruits and vegetables, herbs, meats, even dairy products. All of these somehow stem from the soil that covers this very earth. And unfortunately, these things aren’t just simply readily available to us. We need farmers to grow and produce them for the use of today’s society. Clearly, agriculture is a very large part of our lives. Now that we have looked back at the history of agriculture and examined its importance, we will clean our plates and look into agriculture’s future. As the world’s population continues to grow at an alarmingly fast rate, resources will most definitely become limited in the very near future. Therefore, the first duty of farmers will be to maintain and preserve those resources for generations to come. The population is expected to more than double by 2050, which is all too scary, since the earth only has limited land. There has been lots of controversy as to whether industrialization, agriculture, or wildlife preservation will take precedence. Even today farmers are still developing new technology to increase rate of crop production and the overall effectiveness of current farming methods. Today, even the youngest people are taking steps to harness agricultural opportunities. Many organizations are out there, including FFA, 4-H, and many more. FFA is a great thing, because it helps today’s students prepare for a future where agriculture will be bigger than it ever has been before. FFA also teaches high school students leadership, responsibility, and even friendship. 4-H aims even younger, with members as young as kindergarten or first grade learning the importance of agriculture early in life. Today we have set the table and looked back at the history of agriculture. Then, we dug in to the importance and impact agriculture has on today’s society. Finally, we cleaned our plates and looked forward into the future of agriculture.

The Role of Women in ‘The Great Gatsby’

The Role of Women in ‘The Great Gatsby’ Key Question What is the role of women in The Great Gatsby? Below, we’ll review the role of women in F. Scott Fitzgerald’s The Great Gatsby and introduce three of the novel’s main female characters: Daisy, Jordan, and Myrtle. Historical Context The Great Gatsby is filled with characters who appear to be larger-than-life, living the American Dream in the Jazz Age of the 1920s. The 1920s was also a period of increased freedom for women, as young women of this generation distanced themselves from more traditional values. However, in the novel, we don’t hear from the female characters themselves- instead, we primarily learn about the women from how they are described by the two main male characters, Jay Gatsby and Nick Carraway. Read on to learn about the main female characters in The Great Gatsby.   Daisy Buchanan The female character we usually think of in The Great Gatsby is Daisy. Daisy, Nick’s cousin, lives in affluent East Egg with her husband, Tom, and their young daughter. Daisy is mentioned by Nick here: Daisy was my second cousin once removed, and Id known Tom in college. And just after the war I spent two days with them in Chicago. Daisy appears almost removed, as an after-thought, of an importance only as the wife to Tom. Later, we learn that Daisy was previously in a romantic relationship with Jay Gatsby, and that many of Gatsby’s actions have been designed as a strategy to win over Daisy. In the novel, the male characters find Daisy’s voice to be one of her most remarkable and notable features. According to Nick: I looked back at my cousin, who began to ask me questions in her low, thrilling voice. It was the kind of voice that the ear follows up and down, as if each speech is an arrangement of notes that will never be played again. Her face was sad and lovely with bright things in it, bright eyes and a bright passionate mouth, but there was an excitement in her voice that men who had cared for her found difficult to forget: a singing compulsion, a whispered Listen, a promise that she had done gay, exciting things just a while since and that there were gay, exciting things hovering in the next hour. As the novel progresses we learn that Daisy is the reason that Jay Gatsby has built up his opulent, lavish lifestyle. Shes the reason, the hope-for-a-future that makes him dare to dream, and even dare to reinvent himself (from the small-town farm boy to the successful Jay Gatsby). Jordan Baker Jordan Baker is a close friend of Daisy from childhood. We learn that Jordan is a relatively well-known golfer, as Nick recalls having seen her picture and having heard of her before meeting her: â€Å"I knew now why her face was familiar- its pleasing contemptuous expression had looked out at me from many rotogravure pictures of sporting life at Asheville and Hot Springs and Palm Beach. I had heard some story of her too, a critical, unpleasant story, but what it was I had forgotten long ago.† Jordan and Nick meet at a dinner at the Buchanans’ house. When the two meet, Daisy speaks of setting up a relationship between the two of them, and later they do indeed begin dating. Myrtle Wilson Myrtle Wilson is Tom Buchanan’s mistress, who Nick describes as vibrant and charismatic. When Nick first meets her, he describes her as follows: â€Å"Her face†¦ contained no facet or gleam of beauty but there was an immediately perceptible vitality about her as if the nerves of her body were continually smouldering.† Myrtle is married to George Wilson, who runs an auto shop in a working-class area outside of New York City. Narration in The Great Gatsby The Great Gatsby is told from the perspective of Nick, whom many scholars have considered to be an unreliable narrator. In other words, Nick’s way of reporting on people and events in the novel may be biased, and an â€Å"objective† reporting of what really happened in the novel (or an objective description of the female characters in the novel) could potentially look different from how Nick has described the situation. Study Guide For more resources on The Great Gatsby, review our study guide below: The Great Gatsby OverviewReview: The Great GatsbyThemes in The Great GatsbyFamous Quotes from The Great GatsbyQuestions for Study and DiscussionKey Terms and Vocabulary

How Many Seconds Are There in a Day A Week A Year

How Many Seconds Are There in a Day A Week A Year SAT / ACT Prep Online Guides and Tips Ever wondered how many seconds there are in a day? How about a week? A year? Thanks to Rent, we might know the number of minutes in a year (525,600), but how many seconds is that? Whether you’re trying to get even more granular about how you measure a year or you’re just trying to figure out how many seconds are left until summer vacation, this guide will teach you how many seconds are in a day, a week, a year, and beyond. Not only will we teach you how to calculate these problems, but we’ll also give you a handy chart to keep track of them. Read on to find out how to swap one unit of time for another! All the numbers on a clock represent different aspects of time, all of which come back to seconds. What’s a Second? Before we get into how many seconds there are in a day, let’s talk about what a second is. A second is our base unit of time- base, but not smallest. A base unit is a unit defined on its own terms upon which other units are based. That means that all our other units, such as minutes, hours, nanoseconds, and so on, are all based on seconds. We talk about hours in terms of minutes, but minutes are based on seconds, bringing us back to the base unit. A second used to be based on the Earth’s rotation cycle, with one second being 1/86,400 of the average solar day. Now that we know more about how the Earth rotates- and that the speed at which it rotates is slowing down- we now use a more accurate method. We base a second off of the radiation cycles of a caesium-133 atom, often called an â€Å"atomic clock.† Because our astronomical year varies in length, we also sometimes add â€Å"leap seconds† to the clock to keep better time, or we’d eventually end up with time being way off of where it should be. Adding seconds is infrequent, and doesn’t actually change the time- all it does is keep us consistent. But those single leap seconds matter, keeping us on track so that a few missed seconds doesn’t become a missed minute or hour or day over time. The hands on a clock move in seconds, minutes, and hours, which are all, in some ways, measures of seconds. How Many Seconds in a Day? Now that we know what a second really is- an arbitrary measurement of time used to calculate other, larger units of time- we can start thinking about how many it takes to make up all the other time units. How Many Seconds in a Minute The largest unit after seconds is a minute. There are 60 seconds in one minute. Why? Nobody’s really sure, but it goes all the way back to ancient Babylon. How Many Seconds in an Hour You may already know that there are 60 minutes in an hour, but how many seconds is that? To figure it out, we’ll need to multiply. 60 seconds in one minute and 60 minutes in one hour means that $1 \hour = 60 * 60$. Calculate that out and you’ll find that 1 hour = 3,600 minutes. How to Calculate Seconds Back and Forth It takes some memorization, but it’s not hard to calculate seconds into minutes, hours, days, or even years; you can even go in reverse! For example, if you know that something will take 120 seconds but aren’t sure how many minutes that is, you simply divide by 60, the number of seconds in a minute. Likewise, if you want to know how many seconds are in three days, first you’ll need to calculate how many minutes there are in three days. Three days is 72 hours ($24 \hours * 3 \days$), equivalent to 4,320 minutes ($72 \hours * 60 \minutes$), or 259,200 seconds ($4,320 \minutes * 60 \seconds$). You can do this for really big numbers, too. How many seconds are in a month? Well, the average month is 30.42 days. A day is 24 hours, so the average month is 730.08 hours ($30.42 \days * 24 \hours$). 730.08 hours is equal to 43,804.8 minutes ($730.08 \hours * 60 \minutes$), or 2,628,288 seconds ($43,804.8 \minutes * 60 \seconds$). ...in a second .. in a minute ...in an hour ...in a day ...in a week ...in a month ...in a year †¦in a decade ...in a century Seconds 1 60 3,600 86,400 604,800 2,628,288 3.1536 Ãâ€" $10^7$ 3.1536 Ãâ€" $10^8$ 3.1536 Ãâ€" $10^9$ Minutes $1/60$ 1 60 1,440 10,080 43,804.8 525,600 5.256 Ãâ€" $10^6$ 5.256 Ãâ€" $10^7$ Hours $1/3600$ $1/60$ 1 24 168 730.08 8,760 87,600 876,000 Days $1/86400$ $1/1400$ $1/24$ 1 7 30.42 365 3,650 36,500 Weeks $1/604800$ $1/10080$ $1/168$ $1/7$ 1 4.3 52 520 5,200 Months $1/2628288$ $1/43804.8$ $1/730.08$ $1/30.42$ $1/4.3$ 1 12 120 1,200 Years $1/(3.1536 Ãâ€" 10^7)$ $1/525600$ $1/87600$ $1/365$ $1/52$ $1/12$ 1 10 100 Decades $1/(3.1536 Ãâ€" 10^8)$ $1/(5.256 Ãâ€" 10^6)$ $1/3650$ $1/520$ $1/520$ $1/120$ $1/10$ 1 10 Centuries $1/(3.1536 Ãâ€" 10^9)$ $1/(5.256 Ãâ€" 10^7)$ $1/876000$ $1/36500$ $1/5200$ $1/1200$ $1/100$ $1/10$ 1 Key Tips for Time Conversions It’s not a big deal if you can’t memorize this whole table- most people can’t tell you how many seconds are in a decade off the top of their head. But the calculations are simple math- you just need to know the basics! One Minute = 60 Seconds One Hour = 60 Minutes One Day = 24 Hours One Week = 7 Days One Year = 52 Weeks One Decade = 10 Years One Century = 10 Decades It can be difficult to figure out how many days or weeks are in a month, because months vary in length between 28 and 31 days. If you find yourself needing to figure things out on a more exact basis, use the number of days in the specific month you’re looking for rather than trying to use an average. If a specific month won’t work and you just want an overall sense of the number of days in a month, for example, you know that there are 365 days and 12 months in a year. Divide $365/12$ for 30.42, the average number of days in a month. You don’t have to memorize it- just solve it out! Likewise, you can divide the number of weeks in a year, 52, by the number of months in a year, 12, to get 4.3, the average number of weeks in a month. What’s Next? Ready for more big numbers? Check out this guide to how many zeros there are in a billion and beyond! If you just want to test your calculation skills, these math games are great for fifth graders! Converting seconds to minutes and beyond requires a solid grasp of multiplication- if you need a little help with memorizing your times tables, our multiplication guide will help you out!

Cradle will rock Movie Review Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Cradle will rock - Movie Review Example He vicious outwardly his philanthropic wife and blemished children poor shopkeepers, a faithless priest, moll the prostitute and immigrant families. Moll acts as a prostitute; he gets arrested and jailed as she refuses to take the services given a police officer who is loyal to Mr. Mister. Moll meets Harry Druggist who has been repeatedly arrested ands judged with vagrancy after he loses his drugstore because of Mr. Mister. Harry explains to Moll how the Liberty committees are better prostitutes than her and tells him how they sell themselves to Mr. Mister including Harry himself. During the production of Cradle Will Rock, the government of the United States is struggling to work against the great hopelessness with many federal programs one being a Federal Theater Program. Unfortunately there is great political anxiety with the fear of communism spreading everywhere and everything from films to paintings are questioned of their political and moral objectives. The famous Orson Welles is also involved in the production of this play. In 1930s he tried to search for funds in order to make a film based on the early days of Federal Theater as he was a member. Cradle Will Rock was one of the productions of Federal Theater. It is about a greedy businessman who gets his retributions. The play production was funded by the government. However, the funding was withdrawn when it was claimed to be a threat to capitalism. Despite the funding withdrawal, Welles and his team continued with the production of the play. Cradle Will Rock is set based o the rock relationship between politics and art in America during 1930s according to Laird (2002). It also brings into picture the gap between the poor and the wealth in the country as Tim Robbins stages it. Robbins brings together various aspects from the real events, he examine the lives and the aspirations of various imaginative mavericks

Gas Price Warning as Cold March that Leads to Short Supplies Essay

Gas Price Warning as Cold March that Leads to Short Supplies - Essay Example This has generated a decrease in the supply of the gas in the UK resulting in an increased demand for gas. This increase in demand is mostly expected during March, the coldest seasons in Britain. Due to an increase in demand, prices of inputs also go up which leads to the increase in the production cost. Secondly, the electricity blackout is the other key point where the supply and demand cost of production concepts are applicable. The article illustrates â€Å"there was a very real risk of the lights going out within the next three years† (Harvey, 2013, p.1). This was so because SSE intends to shut down its power plants due to high operation cost making the stations uneconomical, which would result in electricity shortage. This will reduce the supply of electricity to the nearest 2million homes that are being supplied by SSE. The shortage in power supply will lead to a rise in demand for alternatives such as gas leading to increase their prices. Due to this increase, input prices will also go up, which will, in the long run, create a foundation for a rise in the cost of production of goods and services in Britain. Thirdly, another issue is the outsourcing or importation of gas from the outside UK. With the encroachment of the cold season in March in the UK, The demand for the gas increases, but due to low supply from UK suppliers, the prices will go up making the country import gas from other countries like Russia and Norway. As illustrated by Spulber (2009), this will increase the cost of the production as the importation of the gas will lead to increase in the cost of inputs, which will further lead to increase in the input prices hence higher cost of production. Lastly, the cold snap, which is expected in the month of March, is a key point in the article with two economic concepts applicable to it. During this cold season, most people keep their houses warm  throughout the day by using various heating mechanisms. This cold season always leads to increasing the demand for various heating mechanisms.  

Sales & Sales Management in this current climate Assignment

Sales & Sales Management in this current climate - Assignment Example Internationally, the profitability of the traditional banking activities has been declining on the past few years. This has been accompanied with massive growth in the financial market owing to globalization of the market, increasing innovation and technology, abundance of new financial products and adoption of enhanced risk management strategies. These developments have enabled the international financial industry to experience immense growth even in the face of decline in the traditional services profits. The Bank of Ireland Finance (BIF) offers various finance packages for its clients. The introduction of the motor finance service by the bank has greatly contributed to its growth. This product is not regulated by the central bank policies allowing for the bank to be flexible. The Irish economy has experienced tremendous growth for the past 15 years. This has created an opportunity for the banking industry to offer improved services and products to the market. The motor finance service is a product by the bank that lends money to their clients to pay for their motor vehicles. This product offers the client the advantage of acquiring the vehicle without liquid cash. They are thus able to repay the loan in installments at an interest. The innovation of such services has lead to the development and growth of the banking industry in Ireland. The banking industry has undergone tremendous growth with the globalization of the market. The formation of the European Union market for the banking sector has increased competition in the market. Furthermore, other lending firms in Ireland have come up increasing the competition facing the bank of Ireland. The increased competition is accompanied by a change in the consumer needs. This has prompted the banks to offer other services in order to retain it market position (Best, 2012). However, this industry has been facing various challenges facing some of the

Mercury Contaminated Fish

Mercury Contaminated Fish Summary: This is a 7 page paper on, Effects of Mercury Contaminated Fish on Consumers Health. The paper further summarizes how mercury contaminated fishs effects on consumers health, and results of this contamination due to consumption. Running Head: EFFECTS OF MERCURY CONTAMINATED FISH ON CONSUMERS HEALTH Effects of Mercury Contaminated Fish on Consumers Health Effects of Mercury Contaminated Fish on Consumers Health Mercury is found naturally in environment and exists in different forms. These forms can be divided into three categories, metallic mercury, organic mercury and in-organic mercury. Metallic mercury is a shiny silver white metal and is liquid at room temperature; it is the pure form of mercury. The organic form of mercury known as Methyl mercury (MeHg) found in fish and caused neurological problems in children bare in the womb and females. Burning of coal in power plants containing mercury is the major source of environmental pollution. The only assessment of health risk from mercury is for neurodevelopment effects. The National Research Council (NRC) estimated that â€Å"60,000 newborns annually might be at risk for adverse neurodevelopment effects form in uterus exposure to methyl mercury†. Fish is afar evaluate as a source of many nutrients very important to the developing newborn, some of which may in fact increase growth of the nervous system in newborn and young children. Prevalent infectivity of fish with toxic mercury, though, has cast a shadow over the nutritional benefits of fish. (Cook) Exposure in uterus can cause many problems such as, delay in mental development of child, lower memory and neurological problems. A contaminated fish which is consumed by a pregnant woman can seriously damages the brain of her baby. As a National Academy of Sciences panel definitively warned last year, some children exposed in uterus by their mothers fish consumption are at risk of falling in the group of children who have to struggle to keep up in school and who might require remedial classes of special education. (Cook) In past years, many companies have used mercury to manufacture a wide variety of consumer products including thermometers, thermostats and automotive light switches. While the metallic mercury in these products hardly ever poses a direct health risk, industrial mercury contamination becomes a serious threat when it is released into the air by power plants, certain chemical manufacturers and other industrial facilities, and then settles into oceans and rivers, where it builds up in fish that we eat. Children and pregnant women are most at risk. (Learn About Mercury and Its Effects) Formerly mercury enters into oceans and rivers; naturally stirring bacteria take in it and convert it in to a type called methyl mercury. This transition is particularly important for humans, who absorb methyl mercury easily and are especially defenseless to its effects. (Learn About Mercury and Its Effects) Mercury then works its way up the food chain as large fish consume contaminated smaller fish. Instead of dissolving or breaking down, mercury accumulates at ever-increasing levels. Predatory fish such as large tuna, swordfish, shark and mackerel can have mercury concentrations in their bodies that are 10,000 times higher than those of their nearby habitats. (Learn About Mercury and Its Effects) Humans risk ingesting hazardous levels of mercury when they eat polluted fish. Since the toxic is unscented, unseen and accumulates in the meat of the fish, it is not easy to spot and cant be avoided by trimming off the skin or other parts. Once in the human body, mercury acts as a neurotoxin, snooping with the brain and nervous system. Exposure to mercury can be particularly harmful for pregnant women and small children. During the first several years of life, a childs brain is still budding and quickly absorbing nutrients. Prenatal and infant mercury exposure can cause mental retardation, cerebral palsy, deafness and blindness. Even in low doses, mercury may have an effect on a childs development, delaying walking and talking, restriction attention span and causing learning disabilities. (Learn About Mercury and Its Effects) In adults, mercury poisoning can harmfully affect fertility and blood pressure regulation and may cause of memory loss, tremors, vision loss and lack of sensation of the fingers and toes. A growing body of facts suggests that contact to mercury may also lead to heart disease. (Learn About Mercury and Its Effects) A July 2005 report from the federal Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) concluded that one in 17 women of childbearing age have mercury in their blood above 5.8 micrograms per liter of blood a level that could pose a risk to a developing fetus. This is an improvement from the prior report in 2003 which showed that one out of 12 women had mercury in their blood at this level. Newer science indicates, however, that mercury actually concentrates in the umbilical cord blood that goes to the fetus, so mercury levels as low as 3.4 micrograms per liter of a mothers blood are now a concern. Nearly one in 10 women of reproductive age in the United States has mercury in her blood at or above this level, according to the new CDC study. (Learn About Mercury and Its Effects) Dr. Jane Hightower, a doctor of internal medicine at the California Pacific Medical Center in San Francisco also linked fish consumption to high mercury levels when she tested her own patients. Her 2003 study found that 89 percent of the participating patients chosen because of their fish-heavy diets had high mercury levels. Many had levels as much as four times that which the Environmental Protection Agency considers safe. (Learn About Mercury and Its Effects) An international group of scientists issued a world wide warning about the risks to health for the consumers who are using mercury contaminated fish frequently. However, British scientists argue against it, last month they found pregnant women who ate the most fish had children who were more advanced, with higher IQs and better physical abilities. (Laurence, 2007) They said that while mercury is known as it preventing the brain of infants to be developed, fish also contain omega-3 fatty acids and other nutrients which are necessary for brain development. They studied 9,000 families taking part in the Children of the 90s project at the University of Bristol and concluded, in The Lancet, that the risks of eating fish were outweighed by the benefits. (Fish contaminated with mercury pose worldwide threat to health By Jeremy Laurence, Health Editor, Thursday, 8 March 2007) The US scientists paying attention on the risks of mercury which they say now represent a public health problem in most regions of the world. In addition to its toxic effects on the human fetus, new verification shoes that it may increase the risk of heart disease, particularly in adult men. (Laurence, 2007) The nervous system is highly attractive to mercury contamination. In this type of poisonous incidents that occurred in other countries, some people who consumed fish contaminated with large amounts of methyl mercury or seed grains that are affected with methyl mercury or other organic mercury compounds developed severe damage to the brain and kidneys. Permanent damage to the brain has also been shown to occur from exposure to adequately high levels of metallic mercury. Whether exposure to inorganic mercury results in brain or nerve damage is not as certain, since it does not easily pass from the blood into the brain. (Public Health Statement for Mercury, 1999) Mercury is also severely affect to the kidneys of consumers of mercury contaminated fish, because it accumulates in the kidneys and causes higher exposures to these tissues, and thus more damage. All types of mercury, whether they are organic or in-organic can cause kidney damage if sufficient amounts enter the body. If the harm caused by the mercury is not too great, the kidneys are likely to recover once the body clears itself of the contamination. In addition to effects on the kidneys, inorganic mercury can damage the stomach and intestines, producing symptoms of nausea, diarrhea, or rigorous ulcers if swallowed in large amounts. Effects on the heart have also been observed in children after they accidentally swallowed mercury. Symptoms included rapid heart rate and increased blood pressure. There is little information on the effects in humans from long-term, low-level exposure to mercury. (Public Health Statement for Mercury, 1999) Mercury contaminated fish are not just dangerous for children and pregnant women but it is also dangerous for adults. The toxic destroys the nerve tissues and affects the visual cortex and the cerebellum, a brain part that manages complex movements and balances. It also effect attention and language deficits, seriously disturb the memory of consumer and he or she is unable to quickly call memory, and impaired visual and motor function. Adults who frequently use mercury contaminated fish may have decrease concentration, deftness and verbal memory. Women who eat severely contaminated fish may give birth to children with birth defects including cerebral palsy and mental retardation. (Mercury-Contaminated Fish Poses Health Risks to Adults, 2003) Researches shows that fish contains omega-3 fatty acids, that helps reducing the risk of heart diseases, though a new study questioned that consuming fish contaminated with mercury may increase the risk of heart diseases in addition to reduce other healthy benefits. It is found that men who had heart attack had 15 percent higher mercury levels that men who dont yet experienced heart diseases. A research shows that men with higher level were more than twice as likely to have had a heart attack as compared with men with the lower mercury levels. Children might be at risk due to consumption of mercury contaminated fish, consumption of mercury contaminated fish is that enters into pregnant women can also pass into the developing child. Mercury can also pass from mothers body into breast milk and into a nursing infant. The amount of mercury in the milk varies, depending on the exposure level of and the amount of mercury that enters into pregnant women body. Mercury can also gather in an unborn babys blood to a concentration higher than the concentration in the mother. The harmful health affects seen in children are similar to the affects seen in adults. High exposure to mercury causes lung, stomach and intestinal damage due to respiratory failure in severe cases. Mercury problems are very serious, but the solutions are fairy simple one have to watch his consumption of mercury contaminated fish, and also help force power companies and other big users of mercury to find substitute of mercury to help prevent environment from pollution. Children and women who are pregnant and are likely to get pregnant in future are the most in danger to mercurys harmful affects. They should avoid using certain fish from their diets, including mahi or big eye tuna, tilefish, swordfish, shark, king mackerel, marlin, orange roughy and fish caught in water that are polluted by mercury. The above discussion shows that consumption of mercury contaminated fish is very dangerous for consumers health. It is the source of different diseases especially in children and pregnant women. Mercury is not just dangerous for children and pregnant women it also dangerous for adults. Consumers have to control their fish diets. It is recommended that they regularly check their mercury levels and if they found their mercury levels higher they have to consult with their doctor immediately. Exposure with mercury cause disease like, destruction of nerve tissues, it also affects the visual cortex and the cerebellum. It also effect attention and language deficits, seriously disturb the memory of consumer. Adults who frequently use mercury contaminated fish may have decrease concentration, deftness and verbal memory. It also affects the blood pressure and fertility in adults. Women who eat severely contaminated fish may give birth to children with birth defects including cerebral palsy and mental retardation. It cause delay in mental development of child, memory problem and neurological problems. Fish provide important health benefits to the developing fetus, and pregnant women should be encouraged to eat fish with consistently low methyl mercury levels. Authorities need to take much stronger steps to protect a far greater portion of the population. They must move beyond their antiquated safeguards designed to protect an average woman from an average amount of methyl mercury in fish and take a realistic and protective stance against dietary exposure to methyl mercury. References Jeremy Laurence, (8 March, 2007) Fish Contaminated With Mercury Pose Worldwide Threat to Health, The Independent Retrieved on 24th March, 2008. http://www.independent.co.uk/environment/nature/fish-contaminated-with- mercury-pose-worldwide-threat-to-health-439267.html Ken Cook, (2001) Retrieved on 23rd March, 2008 Mercola.com http://articles.mercola.com/sites/articles/archive/2001/04/25/mercury-fish-part- one.aspx Learn About Mercury and Its Effects, (2006) Natural Resource Defense Council, Retrieved on 23rd March, 2008.http://www.nrdc.org/health/effects/mercury/effects.asp Mercury-Contaminated Fish Poses Health Risks to Adults, (2003) Mercola.com Retrieved on 25th March, 2008. http://articles.mercola.com/sites/articles /archive/2003/06/21/mercury-fish-part-six.aspx Public Health Statement for Mercury (March,1999) The Encyclopedia of Earth, Retrieved on 24th March, 2008. http://www.eoearth.org/article/Public_ Health_Statement_for_Mercury

Chocky - Tv Vs The Book :: essays research papers

Chocky The Novel Chocky was written by John Wyndham and was later adapted into a TV drama by the BBC. The producers, Pamela Londale and Vic Hughes, kept the same title for the TV series as the Novel, and named it Chocky, but the Film text had some changes in events, different character interpretation and alternative way of showing foreshadowing. The Film version differs quite a lot from the Novel. There were a number of changes to the plot, but most of these were only little issues. One of the major differences in plot was Matthew’s relationship with Colin. Colin was Matthew’s next door neighbour in the Novel, but there was no close friendship or relationship between them. However in the Film, Colin is Matthew’s best friend, classmate and neighbour, whom Matthew was always visiting and playing with. One of biggest changes occurs in the character Piff. Piff was Polly’s long gone imaginary friend in the Novel who was only talked about, whilst in the Film Piff was still around and living. Another change from the Novel was the way in which Chocky helped Matthew. Chocky gave Matthew the ability to draw properly, helped him to swim and then save Polly, and taught Matthew to do the binary code in both texts. However in the Film Chocky also gave Matthew super strength to play cricket, develop fast reflexes to play computer games and do the rubix cubes at amazing speeds. The Film Editor, Oscar Webb left out some scenes and added some different ones. One of these new scenes included the visit to the planetarium. Later we saw Chocky entering Matthew’s body during a Maths class, along with other scenes in the class rooms, such as biology, not previously mentioned in the Novel. Also Matthew visited Colin’s house on numerous occasions and we saw Matthew’s Mother and Father shopping for a new car and then Matthew winning a cricket game. The editor also added more detailed facts about the holiday at the Cottage. All of these extra events added more to the Film than the original Novel. n 2 - The two texts had quite a few different character interpretations. One of the major differences being in the interpretation of Chocky. In the Novel Chocky was only a voice in Matthew’s head which Matthew would translate to other people, whilst in the film she had an actual voice which was presented by the Actor, Glynis Brookes’ voice.

An Analysis of Freytag’s Five Steps in Shakespeare’s “The Tempest” Essay

In this essay I will analyze William Shakespeare’s â€Å"The Tempest† using Gustav Freytag’s five phases which are: exposition, point of conflict, rising action, climax, and denouement.   I will first begin with the exposition phase.   The exposition phase includes a description of the chief protagonist and antagonist as well as a description of their conflict and setting.   I will also pinpoint the inciting moment, which is an incident that must occur for the story to happen. (www.reference.com)   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   The chief protagonist of the play is Prospero, the rightful duke of Milan.   The main antagonist is his brother, Antonio, the usurping duke of Milan.   Antonio overthrew Prospero and sent him and his young daughter Miranda out to sea.   They land on an island, which will be the central setting of the play, where Prospero learns magic and frees a spirit named Ariel who is indebted in servitude to him.   Prospero uses his magic to stir up a storm and moor a ship that his brother Antonio is on.   Ariel makes sure that the occupants of the boat arrive on the island unscathed.   The inciting incident is the arrival of Antonio and the rest of his party on the island.   The main conflict is between Prospero, who wants his dukedom reinstated, and Antonio, who wants the dukedom for himself.   Next, I will describe the rising action in the play.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   The rising action includes related secondary conflicts. (www.reference.com)The first of these secondary conflicts occurs between Antonio and Sebastian, the king of Naples brother, and Gonzalo, a counselor, and Alonso, the king of Naples.   These gentlemen had been traveling together on the boat, but when they come to the island Antonio and Sebastian plan to murder Alonso and Gonzalo so that they can seize the power of the crown for themselves.   Alonso believes his son, who had been traveling with them as well to be dead and Antonio and Sebastian see this as a chance to eliminate Alonso and usurp the crown.    Alonso’s son Ferdinand really isn’t dead and is busy falling in love with Prospero’s daughter while this is happening.   The last secondary conflict begins with Caliban, Prospero’s unwilling slave, and Stephano and Trinuculo, a jester and a drunken butler who were traveling with the party on the boat, meeting each other on the island and deciding to kill Prospero.   Ariel hears this and informs Prospero thus avoiding catastrophe.   Now, I will discuss the falling action, climax, and denouement.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   The climax takes place in â€Å"The Tempest† when Prospero charms the party from the boat and Caliban, Stephano, and Trinuculo into immobility.   Prospero, who is joyous at the thought of his daughter’s upcoming marriage to Ferdinand, has a change of heart and releases everyone from the spell.   They are all repentant and the falling action occurs at this point with a monologue from Prospero chastising the king of Naples and Antonio for the part the played in the usurping of his dukedom. He also chastises his slave and the butler and jester for trying to kill him.   The denouement encompasses the happy marriage of Miranda and Ferdinand and the reinstatement of Prospero’s dukedom.   The play ends happily with the protagonist better of at the end than at the outset because it is a comedy rather than a tragedy.   Thus, I have analyzed â€Å"The Tempest† and have discerned Freytag’s five phases within the play. Bibliography www.reference.com

Encountering conflict essay ‘A Separation’ Essay

Conflict is an integral part of human nature, in which we all experience in our daily lives. The responses to conflict determine whether a resolution takes place, or whether the conflict at hand is perpetuated and escalated, to the point where a resolution is impossible. Persistence of conflict can occur due to religion and moral values. Intrapersonal conflict may arise, as one may seek to defend their religious values and morality, which can perpetuate a situation and cause the onset of other forms of conflict to result. The influence of gender roles in society can also cause a persistence in conflict to occur. Due to these factors, conflict generally persists and escalates, as opposed to being resolved. However, in some cases, individuals can prevent the persistence of conflict by employing rational and peacemaking strategies when encountering issues. Those who hold strong religious and moral values, react in stern and desperate ways, causing an exacerbation and escalation of conflict. The religious conflict between Palestinian’s and Israelites is very much affected by the religious beliefs of the various sides. Such tension has caused territorial disputes and physical conflict to occur in the middle-east. Moreover, disputes between Jews and Palestinians has escalated and translated to other parts of the world, France in particular. Acts of conflict between Jews and Arab’s has resulted reported issues of acts of violence against Jews in France to increase from one in 1998 to nine in 1999 to 116 in 2000. This escalation of physical conflict on a broader global scale has ultimately been caused by the religious conflict initially present in the Middle-East. Similarly, Razieh’s religion causes the onset of other forms of conflict to occur and escalation to result. The internal conflict experienced by Razieh involving her religious values enforced a maintenance of her moral high ground as a religious woman. Nader’s accusation upon Razieh of theft, caused the onset of physical conflict to occur, whereby Razieh’s persistence to reason with Nader that she didn’t steal the money in order maintain her morality made him furious, as she pushes her out of his apartment. This resulted in Razieh accusing Nader of murdering her baby, which escalated their interpersonal conflict manifest into a complicating and damaging legal matter. In the midst of conflict, religion can play a vital role in the exacerbation and persistence of dispute. The characteristics of gender roles in society can result in a persistence of conflict to occur.

How Knowledge and Learning Survived in the Middle Ages

How Knowledge and Learning Survived in the Middle Ages They began as men alone, solitary ascetics in wattle huts in the desert, living off berries and nuts, contemplating the nature of God, and praying for their own salvation. It wasnt long before others joined them, living nearby for comfort and safety, if not for conviviality. Individuals of wisdom and experience like Saint Anthony taught the way to spiritual harmony to the monks who sat at their feet. Rules were then established by holy men like  Saint Pachomius  and Saint Benedict to govern what had become, in spite of their first intentions, a community. Monasteries, abbeys, priories- all were built to house men or women (or, in the case of double monasteries, both) who sought spiritual peace. For the sake of their souls people came there to live a life of strict religious observance, self-sacrifice, and work that would help their fellow human beings. Towns and sometimes even cities grew up around them, and the brothers or sisters would serve the secular community in a variety of ways- growing grain, making wine, raising sheep- usually remaining separate and apart. Monks and nuns played many roles, but perhaps the most significant and far-reaching role was that of the keepers of knowledge. It was very early in its collective history that the monastery of Western Europe became the repository for manuscripts. Part of the Rule of Saint Benedict charged its followers to read holy writings every day. While knights underwent special education that prepared them for the battlefield and the court, and artisans learned their craft from their masters, the contemplative life of a monk provided the perfect setting in which to learn to read and write, and to acquire and copy manuscripts whenever the opportunity arose. A reverence for books and for the knowledge they contained was not surprising in monastics, who turned their creative energies not only into writing books of their own but into making the manuscripts they created beautiful works of art. Books may have been acquired, but they were not necessarily hoarded. Monasteries could make money charging by the page to copy out manuscripts for sale. A  book of hours  would be made expressly for the layman; one penny per page would be considered a fair price. It was not unknown for a monastery to simply sell part of its library for operating funds. Yet books were prized among the most precious of treasures. Whenever a monastic community would come under attack- usually from raiders like the Danes or Magyars but sometimes from their very own secular rulers- the monks would, if they had time, take what treasures they could carry into hiding in the forest or other remote area until the danger had passed. Always, manuscripts would be among such treasures. Although theology and spirituality dominated a monastics life, by no means were all of the books collected in the library religious. Histories and biographies, epic poetry, science and mathematics- all of them were collected, and studied, in the monastery. One might be more likely to find a bible, hymnals and graduals, a lectionary or a missal; but a secular history was also important to the seeker of knowledge. And thus was the monastery not only a repository of knowledge, but a distributor of it, as well. Until the twelfth century, when Viking raids ceased to be an expected part of everyday life, almost all scholarship took place inside the monastery. Occasionally a high-born lord would learn letters from his mother, but mostly it was the monks who taught the oblates monks-to-be in the tradition of the classics. Using first a stylus on wax and later, when their command of their letters had improved, a quill and ink on parchment, young boys learned grammar, rhetoric and logic. When they had mastered these subjects they moved on to arithmetic, geometry, astronomy and music. Latin was the only language used during instruction. Discipline was strict, but not necessarily severe. Teachers did not always confine themselves to the knowledge taught and retaught for centuries past. There were definite improvements in mathematics and astronomy from several sources, including the occasional Muslim influence. And methods of teaching were not as dry as one might expect: in the tenth century a renowned monastic by the name of Gerbert used practical demonstrations whenever possible, including the creation of a forerunner of the telescope to observe heavenly bodies and the use of an organistrum (a kind of hurdy-gurdy) to teach and practice music. Not all young men were suited to the monastic life, and though at first most were forced into the mold, eventually some of the monasteries maintained a school outside their cloisters for young men not destined for the cloth. As time passed these secular schools grew larger and more common and evolved into universities. Though still supported by the Church, they were no longer part of the monastic world. With the advent of the printing press, monks were no longer needed to transcribe manuscripts. Slowly, monastics relinquished this part of their world, as well, and returned to the purpose for which they had originally congregated: the quest for spiritual peace. But their role as the keepers of knowledge lasted a thousand years, making the Renaissance movements and the birth of the modern age possible. And scholars will forever be in their debt. Sources and Suggested Reading The links below will take you to an online bookstore, where you can find more information about the book to help you get it from your local library. This is provided as a convenience to you; neither Melissa Snell nor About is responsible for any purchases you make through these links. Life in Medieval Times by Marjorie Rowling Sun Dancing: A Medieval  Vision  by Geoffrey Moorhouse The text of this document is copyright  ©1998-2016   Melissa Snell. You may download or print this document for personal or school use, as long as the URL below is included. Permission is   not  granted to reproduce this document on another website. For publication permission,  please   contact  Melissa Snell. The URL for this document is:http://historymedren.about.com/cs/monasticism/a/keepers.htm